Facts About the Prehistoric Xilousuchus

Originally classified as a proterosuchid (and thus a close relative of the contemporary Proterosuchus) a recent analysis has located Xilousuchus much closer to the root of the archosaur family tree (the archosaurs were the family of early Triassic reptiles that gave rise to dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodiles). The significance of Xilousuchus is that it dates to the very beginning of the Triassic period, about 250 million years ago, and it seems to have been one of the earliest crocodilian archosaurs, a hint that these ruling lizards split off into prehistoric crocodiles and the ancestors of the first dinosaurs (and thus of the first birds) much earlier than had previously been thought. By the way, the Asian Xilousuchus was closely related to another sailed archosaur of North America, Arizonasaurus. Why did the cat-sized Xilousuchus  have a sail on its back? The most likely explanation is sexual selection; perhaps Xilousuchus males with bigger sails were more attractive to females during mating season, or perhaps the sail fooled predators into thinking that Xilousuchus was bigger than it was, thus sparing it from being eaten. Given its small size, though, its very unlikely that the sail of Xilousuchus served any temperate-regulation function; thats a more likely hypothesis for 500-pound reptiles like Dimetrodon, which needed to heat up quickly during the day and dissipate excess heat at night. Whatever the case, the lack of any sailed crocodiles in the later fossil record hints that this structure wasnt crucial for the survival of this widespread family. Fast Facts About  Xilousuchus   Name:  Xilousuchus (Greek for Xilou crocodile); pronounced ZEE-loo-SOO-kussHabitat:  Swamps of eastern AsiaHistorical Period:  Early Triassic (250 million years ago)Size and Weight:  About three feet long and 5 to 10 poundsDiet:  Small animalsDistinguishing Characteristics:  Small size; sail on back

Is It Really All About Race Essay - 1142 Words

As an American, I have noticed that race is a contributing factor to how the justice system treats many Americans. For example â€Å"African Americans are arrested for drug offenses at rates 2 to 11 times higher than the rate for whites† according to a 2009 report on disparity in drug arrests by Human Rights Watch. This semester I want to further examine how all races, White,†(A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa)†Black or African American, â€Å"(A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa)†American Indian or Alaska Native,† (A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America)†Asian,†(A person having origins in any of†¦show more content†¦It can ruin a person’s reputation, and it occurs more often to certain races like Blacks and Hispanics. Growing up as an African American child I was never affected by racial discrimination. I grew in up the suburbs of south Florida and had many friends of all races. As a child, I was raised to judge people by who they are and what they do rather than on the color of their skin. However, when I moved and began high school in a different state I started to notice that many of the students, professors, and even local officers were, for lack of a better word, racist to not only African-Americans but also Hispanics and Middle Easterners. One example of this is the Trayvon Martin case where in the end a man who was clearly guilty was acquitted because of the fact that the suspect who he killed, Trayvon, might have been a â€Å"17 year old undisciplined punk thug† who was putting Zimmerman’s life in â€Å"danger†(Qtd from Sundance). It hurt me to see that as a world we have not learned from our past mistakes. After seeing so many cases of swayed judgment due to racial bi as, I wanted to look further into how race affects the judgment of others and if that leads to racial profiling. I found many sources that look at the creation of racial profiling, clear evidence of the occurrence of racial profiling, and how it has affected the lives of the people who are wrongly accused. One source I found is a scholarly article written by Professor David D. Cole, a professor atShow MoreRelatedIssues of Race in Dawn Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesHow do we know that we are human? How do we know that we got saved by another race? What is are race? Humans have many races Lilith, a human form the planet earth showed me that we really don’t know how to be human into we are put in are nature averment. The book is bass on the idea that human have distort them self’s in a war. The way that are society is we depend on race, religion, and cuter. In the early days we did not always black to be with white. 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How Does Knowledge Management Influence Innovation and Competitiveness Free Essays

How does knowledge management influence innovation and competitiveness? The Authors Alberto Carneiro, Alberto Carneiro is Assistant Professor in the Polytechnic College at the University of Lisbon, Portugal. Abstract Is concerned with human value management, examines the relationships between organizations’ competitiveness, innovation advancements, and knowledge management and presents a set of considerations regarding how these relationships affect strategic management and the formulation of competitive strategies. By considering how knowledge development is related with personal characteristics and personal development, this study review attempts to provide useful insights on the linkages between innovation and competitiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Knowledge Management Influence Innovation and Competitiveness? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These considerations point out the importance of knowledge development and the role of knowledge management in order to assure competitiveness. This work proposes also a conceptual model, with special focus on the relationships between knowledge management, competitiveness, and innovation. The major factors are presented and directions for future research are suggested according to the proposed model. Introduction Management is increasingly aware that knowledge resources are essential to the development of their organizations. Nowadays, the knowledge and the information technology (IT) are critical success factors for strategic formulation. Critical success factors refer to those managerial and organizational constructs that need to be effectively addressed in order to further the likelihood of implementation success. Since industry attractiveness depends on those factors, strategies and their implementation should be supported by a set of informational data and a knowledge development process. Knowledge is becoming progressively more useful because management is taking into account the value of creativity, which enables the transformation of one form of knowledge to the next. The perception of the existing relationships among several systems elements leads to new interpretations and this means another knowledge level where a new perceived value is generated. This relationship indicates that the innovation highway depends on the knowledge evolution. On the other hand, all the technologies that are present in the activities of the chain value have to be articulated and assisted by an efficient knowledge level. Some of the knowledge involved in the use and improvement of technologies can be written down in detail in procedures manuals and use instructions. Others are tacitly transmitted and learned through practical knowledge. Moreover, the success of technological modifications needs to be supported by more clarified and enhanced knowledge. With but few exceptions, most firms have had difficulty in developing a viable strategic knowledge system. There are manifold reasons for this, but certainly a major one is the omnibus nature of the sources required. Knowledge may flow into the organization in a continuous but unsystematic manner, probably because the amount of information processing resources varies by level of management activity. The lack of specific system objectives inevitably led to a data bank of enormous magnitude. It is necessary to consider the structure of such a system and to implement it, in accordance with the organizational functions that use information to realize activities and to decide. Considering the need to increase managers’ concerns, this work sustains that a set of factors is dramatically useful to justify the relationship between innovation process, competitive advancements and a strategic knowledge management (KM). First, it presents a brief review of the relevant literature on the role of knowledge in the management processes. Second, and in a modelization perspective, we will discuss the relationships among these factors to suggest a better way to deal with human value, to improve KM, and to attain a higher level of competencies. Finally, this article discusses the implications of KM on innovation and competitiveness and presents suggestions for future research. Knowledge: an organizational asset What kind of knowledge should organizations develop? Organizations need to use adequate information to check the status of business activities as well as to make informed business decisions (Martin et al. , 1998). According to their tasks, managers must have the adequate information and the ability to analyze and evaluate alternatives in the light of the goal sought. This information comes from different internal and external sources and their credibility is crucial to provide an adequate knowledge (Joyce, 1993). Managers have to consider that the most valuable human attributes should be developed because they are one of the most important assets of many corporations. To do so, they need to adopt a new KM philosophy, based on search of information and innovative efforts. In this philosophy, managers should distinguish between different levels of knowledge. Initially, everybody can be aware of various facts and use data coming from those sources. This means that knowledge is reduced to a basic level, although each individual already has a professional understanding of his/her role in the organization. In the next phase, knowledge tends to specialization. The knowledge level and the fields of specialization will increasingly be taken as standards to measure the companies’ value of their assets. However, without being stimulated, it may stay in a static relation within functional areas, although tasks are performed in a qualified manner. If management is interested in knowledge development, it is necessary to consider that knowledge workers should be included in a dynamic process. This process demands the support of motivation, creativity and the ability to improve an intellectual and comprehensive vision of the relationship between the organization and its environment. Management should differentiate these levels, because the core of the decision-making process could be severely damaged if they were intended as similar. In fact, knowledge workers (strategists, engineers, technicians, researchers, etc. ) are able to offer insights in what concerns problems and/or new situations. In an upper level they can also contribute drastically to include more evident values into the company’s offering in order to generate the client’s preferences. Knowledge workers are the core intellectual competence of many firms. In fact, they dominate their expertise fields and, for example, they know how to optimise the systems software that is relevant to strategic decisions. Knowledge workers create most of the value in some industries. The benefits are immediately visible in some innovative industries, such as software, pharmaceutical, health care, financial services, communications, and consulting. That is, knowledge influences competitiveness. At this moment, it is necessary to underline a question: can knowledge be seen as a specific value for the organization or is management only using the employees’ brain capacities in a very innocent manner, because they are human resources? In the past, the returns on investment came predominantly from physical assets like physical products and equipment. Today, knowledge is the main source of another type of assets: intellectual assets. Knowledge levels can be an asset only if they are enhanced and efficiently used. Being so, managers must purposely organize, motivate and control the development of their knowledge workers. These ones are able to provide new solutions in the complex network of organization-client relationships. Owing to technologies, materials, and competitiveness, several industries find themselves in complex scenarios. Knowledge is not the solution, but, in the near future, the intellectual capital will be required to deal with this complexity, and to support innovation and creativity (Brooking, 1996). Usually and specially in the context of dynamic industries, higher knowledge levels live near a frequent dissatisfaction and the capacity of questioning what seems to be already understood. The need of search is one of the consequences. In various industries, the search activities can lead to new products and to innovative processes. Undoubtedly, the increasing complexity of research militates in favor of formal institutions like universities and government laboratories. Nevertheless, if KM is able to stimulate and support their commitment, individual innovators may have an important role in the changing process. Moreover, research activities in the business sector tend to be integrated within manufacturing firms (Mowery, 1983) and they can propose incremental innovation. Considering their missions and strategic objectives, organizations have to define what kind of knowledge will be more important to take care of. Managers should develop the ability to stimulate knowledge workers in order to obtain better effective levels in what concerns the analysis of target markets, technological innovations, and economic trends. Knowledge and information technology Data and information are used for a variety of purposes in organizations, namely for improving the possibility of increasing knowledge potential. Some information is simply data obtained from the database in its initial stage, which is mainly supported by internal documentation and tacit knowledge. Sophisticated or specific information is included in a management information system. Based on various subsystems of information, KM may use many combinations of factors in accordance with the database system and data that are provided by the users (DeSanctis and Gallupe, 1985). In general, firms’ search for information can be viewed as part of a process, through which an organization adapts to its external environment in order to survive and to become more competitive. Particularly, organizations look for information about specific activities, such as the purchase of new equipment and launching of new products, to obtain benefits of improved final decisions. Information requirements depend on the nature of each situation and on the need to formulate competitive strategies (Wetherbe, 1991). Building effective information systems is a very important challenge that managers are facing today, but it is necessary to pay attention to the need of comprehensive information systems architecture. A firm and its managers use a variety of approaches to combine, sort, and process the environmental data to produce timely and relevant information for forming, monitoring, evaluating, and modifying strategy. This variety should reach a high integration level in order to be possible to obtain a strategic information system. Knowledge professionals do have a decisive role in this integrative task. Summarizing, aggregating, comparing, or combining various sets of data collected in the environment and from competitors and customers produces other information sets, which are used, for example, to measure performance and report on the financial health of the organization. Knowledge workers are often exposed to incomplete information on new events and modifications, but they also have the option to search for additional information in order to update their knowledge levels (Ozanne et al. 1992; Burke, 1990). KM is also a question of cultural way of operating in the market. To enable this culture to prevail, IT is needed. Nowadays, IT is assuming a decisive role in KM and is one of the most important tools, which is used to decide, to fight competitors, and to catch target markets. In fact, adequate software can capture and distribute to knowledge workers all the useful information the company has stored over t ime. Taking this operation as a training process, knowledge workers can integrate several types of data and try to find new solutions for their problem tasks. This is true because they can use information about clients and competitors, technical databases, decision support systems, management models, successful solutions to competitive situations, and access to specialized sources of knowledge. Understanding, interpretation, and the use of IT may enable a possible competitive advantage to be identified and obtained. These three aspects cannot be done without specific and organized knowledge of the relationships among hardware, software, processes, and required results. In fact, some equipment replaces human command-and-control procedures, but knowledge advances have o be used to optimize this equipment utilization. Knowledge workers have adequate qualifications to communicate the information that is needed. Information sharing is a very usual practice. However, some of them avoid this communication flow, because they are not able to see the organization as a system, where the global objectives should be accepted as a common value. In some organizations, information sharing should be stimulated, because it is one of the most important tools of creativity and, moreover, intellectual assets, unlike physical assets, increase in value with use. Knowledge management: some guidelines Management has to analyze in the right time all the environmental elements because they affect the organization performance. Managers must intend to come to the best solution by selecting the alternative that best satisfies goal achievement. The main role of environmental analysis is to detect, monitor, and analyze those current and potential trends and events that will create opportunities or threats to the organization. A number of companies have developed effective means of learning about their environments and, most importantly, have implemented strategic decision systems which allow them to capitalize on opportunities and to defend themselves against threats. These analyses and systems are based on IT and KM. KM improves the conditions for strategic action by way of appreciating and treating problems and challenges by the company. Strategically, the success of most management decisions depends also on a competitive effort, which includes a deep knowledge of customers’ attitudes and an adequate analysis of the stronger competitors (Curren et al. 1992). This means that managers must learn: weaknesses, strengths and movements of their direct competitors; and how their customers perceive their products. Finally, all these findings should be integrated into a management information system. Managers should become aware that the great challenge is settled on the efforts to innovate, to exploit te chnological advances, competitors’ failures, industry opportunities, and the investment in knowledge processes and knowledge workers. In fact, knowledge and knowledge workers can be interpreted as a company’s intellectual capital, and also as a key factor to its sustainable development. According to Kao (1996), some companies are already able to carry out internal knowledge audits in order to quantify the innovative effort for competitive advantage. Most of the times, the intellectual capital is not well recognized and remains largely hidden from the view of financial analysts and executives alike. As a consequence, it is undermanaged. This means that its potential is not entirely used. Top management should focus their attention on these situations because the intellectual capitals of their companies and innovation infrastructure are one of the real sources of future competitiveness (Leonard-Barton, 1995). It is well known that managers have to face uncertainty, that is, they must make decisions under uncertain conditions, often before all the required data are in. Today, managers must be able to embed more knowledge-value in their decisions. Doing so, they will become much more prepared to come out with a new improved and even better alternative before their competitors. Knowledge workers may help in these situations. In fact, they are adequately able to deal with information and present hypotheses and proposals. Therefore, they can have an efficient role in the reduction of uncertainty. This point of view demands new directions of KM. To stimulate the development of creative skills, management should point out some directions to the most important knowledge workers: †¢to be able to define objectives of each task in a systemic network in order to share knowledge and available information with others; †¢to increase the level of individual commitment; †¢to be entirely aware of the amount of resources (equipment, software, materials, assistance) that they are going to need; and †¢to ask for answers, creativity, and innovative solutions. Management needs to show some interest in the intellectual capital, the crucial importance of creativity, the need to sustain a constant flow of innovation, and the new concept of learning organization. Competitiveness and knowledge management Knowledge and the formulation of competitive strategies The success of a strategy depends also on a co-ordinated resources management. Resources may be divided into two groups: physical resources (money, equipment, materials, facilities, and time) and conceptual resources (data, information, and knowledge). Managers have to decide how available resources will be distributed throughout their organizations. In fact, the organizational context calls for or demands certain decisions and results. Being a manner of finding a solution for a problem or formulating a strategy to achieve the objectives previously defined, every decision should be based on: an integrated set of information; the knowledge skills of human resources. In what concerns dynamic organizations, KM is a valuable strategic tool, because it can be a key resource for decision making, mainly for the formulation of alternative strategies. KM should be able to combine innovation efforts, updated IT, and knowledge development in order to achieve a set of capabilities to increase competitiveness. In fact, when this combination is adequately managed, the company can formulate competitive strategies, which integrate innovative products and new technological weapons to face its competitors. Management decision is a very complex process whose evolution integrates several stages. The first step in solving a decision problem is its formulation. In a practical perspective, defining its boundaries and critical components depends on information resources. The analysis of input data needs also a complete and updated understanding of several realities and the capability to find relationships among them. Further, the decisionmaker is able to predict the outcomes because they result from each available alternative. These stages are always based on data, which need to be organized in order to be useful; that is, every management decision must be supported by a set of information because of each situation, the context where it is occurring, and the organization objectives achievement. In a fast-changing environment, the competitive advantage of many companies is based on the decision to exploit, to develop the power of knowledge development. That is why some corporations try to provide opportunities for personal and professional development and are seeing that they should stimulate knowledge development to formulate competitive strategies. To find out and exploit opportunities, companies need to establish the main orientations of KM in order to enlarge their growing possibilities based on innovation and competitiveness. Managers know that it can be disastrous to enter or compete in an industry without being aware of changing critical success factors that define their target markets, since they play a significant role in determining the likelihood of implementation success or failure. If a firm is entirely aware of the vital importance of these factors, management decisions have to consider a complex background where the knowledge of the clients’ needs and preferences and the competitors’ strategies is decisively important. Practically, this means that a market orientation includes the concept of competitive orientation (Slater and Narver, 1994; Day, 1994, 1990). In this context, a company can decide its competitive advantage as a function of the capability to generate radical change in its processes and technologies and of the flexibility to adapt its resources to the strategic formulation. For example, if an organization decides to become a fast innovator, managers should co-ordinate the ability to formulate a competitive strategy and to build advantages against competitors. This ability depends on the capacity of speeding up creative operations to generate innovations (Page, 1993). These considerations are already known and well accepted, but we need to extract from them the logical consequences. A competitive decision should be based on a wide and quite firm support, which shall integrate the different relationships among several types of knowledge. As a consequence, a comprehensive knowledge is the vital ground where competitiveness should be built. Increasing competitiveness using knowledge benefits According to modern approaches, KM is already considered as a key factor in the organization’s performance, because it deals with different resources that can aid decision makers in many ways (Keen, 1991). Managers require complete and updated information and, according to their level of activity, they hope to rely on their knowledge workers. Nevertheless, this hope is useless if these experts are not effectively motivated to deepen continuously their levels of knowledge. Some companies know that the innovation effort and the adoption of new procedures and new technologies may increase competitiveness (Goel and Rich, 1997). This relationship seems to have the following reasons: †¢the innovators can be inventors if they are able to manage research and development function (Gilbert, 1995); †¢knowledge workers can perceive and deal with what target market accepts or expects as value; †¢knowledge development is a fruitful background where incremental innovation may be attempted; †¢if a company can use a knowledge-based competitive edge, it is able to defend itself against the aggressive movements of its competitors. The need for scientific and technical information flow within the firm is well recognised. Knowledge and information derived from data are required for competitive initiatives such as improving customer satisfaction, developing new products and markets, and providing faster response. The link between knowledge and systemic databases should be understood within the context of information resource management (McFadden and Hoffer, 1994). This means that effective decision making requires a rational selection of inter-related data and the possibility of these data being integrated into KM. This orientation can be applied in the strategic planning area, and it presents flexible capabilities. In fact, managers have the possibility of asking for more updated information, using pre-programmed models based on the integrative knowledge of previous situations, considering alternative solutions, and stimulating the construction of innovative proposals. A KM can lead managers to anticipate problems better and to experiment and innovate. Based on a good KM, managers are more able to analyse and evaluate environmental scenarios, and adequate response alternatives in the light of the global objective previously determined (Dutta and King, 1980). At this point, managers can desire to come to the best solution by selecting the alternative that best satisfies the achievement of global objectives. This means that they are deeply concerned with increasing competitiveness. A primary objective of this orientation in modern business organizations is to contribute to greater efficiency in achieving organizational objectives. To assure this contribution, researchers should reinforce their efforts to explore the relationship between the competitiveness optimisation and the KM optimisation, and also the effectiveness of a KM, which has not been entirely clarified. Innovation and knowledge management Can knowledge management support innovation? The innovative efforts include the search for, and the discovery, experimentation, and development of new technologies, new products and/or services, new production processes, and new organizational structures. The consequences of these efforts are sometimes seen as a raw material of information industry. New management philosophies are aware that information is the result of knowledge evolution and that a solid network between intellectual effort and technological innovations is enlarging. The innovative efforts are also the right consequence of the investment in knowledge and knowledge workers. If KM is positively influenced by the search of innovations, the investments in the development of new knowledge may propel companies into new business in more rewarding markets. To achieve better results, innovative efforts have to be strategically combined with a competitive orientation and its consequent movements. This combination depends vitally on the highest level of individual knowledge and on its technological basis. Many companies are taking into account that new technologies and management approaches are changing the traditional perspective of managing intellectual resources. According to some works (Harari, 1994; Nonaka, 1994; West, 1992), the organizations that are able to stimulate and to improve the knowledge of their human capital are much more prepared to face today’s rapid changes and to innovate in the domain where they decide to invest and to compete. Managers should recognise that the skills of human resources and the motivation level make possible creative suggestions, different proposals, and research activities to build up innovations. Due to the new insights of KM, a creative knowledge worker can contribute to face the problems that need new kinds of resolution, the situations that demand innovative approaches, and the relationships that can be discovered in the more and more complex markets where companies are operating. In old times, capital was the company’s most critical and scarcest resource and human attributes were used to contribute decisively to obtain the return of the company’s investment in equipment and plants. Presently, companies are trying to understand and to use a new logic of value, which is founded on its competencies, customers’ evaluation criteria, and competition. It should be underlined that the knowledge development in the fields of technological innovations, specialisation on business processes, and innovative products is the strongest source of competencies. Moreover, all competitive efforts, which come from competitors’ knowledge and innovations, dramatically affect the success of strategies (Gatignon and Robertson, 1993). Innovation should be viewed as a complex process, which involves a set of investment possibilities. In this investment perspective, knowledge has to be considered as a sort of capital. Owing to this reason, its development process is a managerial concern, because it can lead to the launching of a new product. The success of an innovative product is notoriously connected to research activities and changing orientation. On the other hand, these two elements depend on the development of knowledge levels and the innovative efforts of knowledge workers. Knowledge development How to intensify learning involvement One of the most important objectives of a competitive KM should be to increase frequently the different levels of knowledge. Increasing them implies: †¢to straiten the links among the latest advances of IT and the processes of gathering and process information; †¢to motivate knowledge development by recognising its importance in companies’ evolution; †¢to promote the acquisition of scientific culture, specially in the fields directly connected with the company’s main activities; †¢to invest in theoretical courses and practical training; †¢to intensify an effort to get updating in industry. According to the usual characteristics of all learning and experience curves, the knowledge level may grow exponentially if management is able to stimulate the conditions to learn more and to increase experience. Considering the power of these stimuli, which should be integrated into a global human resources policy, management has to define the adequate procedures to enlarge and to deepen knowledge development. Within a scenario of competitive imperatives of speed and considering the need to innovate constantly, learning will be the essential hedge against the possibility of negative consequences. Organizational learning should be seen as one of the most important responsibilities of top management. In fact, organizations may use the individuals’ learning activities and learn through them to create an organizational learning system, which provides the possibility of enhancing the capacity to generate new offering proposals (Coopey, 1995; Sinkula, 1994; Senge, 1990). Some authors consider that an organizational learning includes the ability to increase the understanding level from experience through analysis of problems, experimentation of solutions, and evaluation of results (McGill and Slocum, 1994; McGill et al. 1992). Organizations’ development needs to have the support of the positive changes in the education and training of the work force. This means that management should stimulate and organize this changing process. In general, there are two main ways that managers have to consider: 1. (1) updating efforts: scientific and technological knowledge is almost constantly changing and everybody in the organization should be conscious of the state-of-art of their fields of work; 2. 2) knowledge progresses have to be transformed in a more effective effort in order to obtain better production processes and more competitive technological advances. Learning involvement could be defined as a state of energy that a knowledge worker experiences in regard to an effort to increase his/her knowledge level (McQuarrie and Munson, 1987). A knowledge worker who is highly involved in learning is likely to expect more abilities to create and to suggest new ideas. A set of adequate information technologies should be foreseen. In fact, at any time during the learning process, errors or imprecision can occur. To avoid their negative consequences, KM should take into account the reliability of the information sources and also the data accuracy. These factors will affect positively the objectives’ achievement. Knowledge development as a strategic management instrument If management has a true strategic orientation, the knowledge development is a systematic, integrated, and planned approach to improve the effectiveness of intellectual capital of an enterprise (Edvinsson and Malone, 1998). It is designed to solve problems that adversely affect operating efficiency at all levels. Knowledge is one of the branches where development movements can occur to help managers in their decision-making process, to create new responses, and to enable a set of competitive reactions and/or pro-active proposals. In the last two decades, we have seen a knowledge explosion and a change of the labour force. In fact, knowledge workers are not directly involved in manual activities, but make up a greater proportion of the labour force than ever before. Many companies try to provide an internal environment for experiential learning in which knowledge workers become more and more involved in solving job-related problems. In a quickly changing environment, the organization’s flexibility is one of its key success factors. This flexibility should be strategically combined with knowledge workers’ adaptability and high-quality standards to obtain two types of competition tools: 1. (1) sustainable advantages against competitors; 2. (2) capability to offer to the target market new alternatives. Knowledge development is a sort of response to changes in the external environment and nternal situations. It can be adapted to solve problems that negatively affect operating efficiency, including the need to replace obsolete products by new ones. In what concerns knowledge development, the improvement of products (incremental innovation) and process innovation (radical innovation) should be integrated. The aim is to improve the horizo ntal flow of information, because this flow is a very important tool to understand the relationship between the organization, its clients and its competitors. To make better decisions, managers have the option to search for more accurate information. One of the most important sources is the knowledge development of their collaborators, because they have been adequately trained to find out what are the new advances of science and technology. Training and motivational measures can be used to leverage professional intellect, but human intellectual capabilities can not be managed as if it was the only goal. In fact, top managers must consider the critical knowledge bases, the intellectual skills, and also the accumulated experience that can be used to increase the organization performance and to support their strategic decisions. Most developments at enterprise level are not possible without changes in education and training of the human resources, namely the intellectual capital. In fact, this capital is focused on innovative effort, on the information about competitors, and on proactive strategic decisions (Prescott and Gibbons, 1993). In many important complex problems there simply are not enough empirical data to provide a basis for complete analysis. Many aspects of a decision process require personal judgement, that is, the presence of updated knowledge workers. The problem-solving capabilities of knowledge workers lie in education background, professional training, creativity, and motivation. Non-routine processes demand for more skilled workers, because innovative solutions should be found and adapted to market needs. Sometimes, an organization needs to assimilate competitors’ technologies, to imitate them, and, in a benchmarking perspective, to adapt them in order to obtain specific benefits (reduction of costs, faster capacity to satisfy their market needs). This strategic effort demands a sufficiently motivated intellectual capital. In fact, even people with exceptional talent will not be able to develop potential without the adequate motivation (Twining, 1991). Moreover, knowledge development should include an effort to integrate the intellectual power of the organization’s human resources. Skills that are integrated according to a systemic perspective are more effective than a set of disconnected and/or uncoordinated talents. The co-ordination of the various abilities and aptitudes may lead to a learning process with a holistic approach. Being so, knowledge workers can learn more, recall information more accurately and use all their resources to build up innovative solutions. Influence of KM on competitiveness and innovation The influence of KM on management decisions effectiveness should be considered to support and also provide insight into how knowledge workers can contribute to obtain better results. However, management must consider that knowledge is not a simple and unique entity. The commitment to generate new discoveries and a more demanding understanding is not enough. The organizations need to look for the knowledge that is able to add value. Value adding knowledge is very different to an information-mix. This mix can be important, but first it is necessary to find out how the markets perceive the presence of value. These considerations can be taken as a guideline for KM. There are perhaps an unlimited number of factors that can define management attitudes regarding the role of intellectual capital into organizations’ life. Some managers evaluate significantly this capital as a very important resource that should be used to obtain adequate profits. Therefore this capital should be constantly improved. As can be seen in Figure 1, a conceptual model of KM is proposed. It emphasises that innovation and competitiveness can be a function of the KM. This model takes into account numerous determinants (determinant factors) of the relationships among various fields. The top portion of the model shows the most common factors that usually define management’s attitudes and deals with the following questions: †¢How important is intellectual capital? †¢How does management evaluate knowledge development? Is training one of the important aspects to be planned? †¢Is knowledge considered as a strategic tool? †¢Are managers prepared to motivate knowledge development? †¢Are managers able to stimulate the potential capacities of their knowledge workers? KM has to deal with two domains: 1. (1) personal characteristics of each knowledge worker; 2. (2) factors that affect personal development. The most common factors t hat affect initially the personal characteristics of a knowledge worker are education level, attitudes and values, innovativeness and creativity (Eagly and Chaiken, 1993; Allen et al. 1992; Mayo and Marks, 1990; Bearden et al. , 1986; Hirschman, 1980). Innovativeness is an important factor for supporting innovative efforts and it contributes also to define the personality. However, it is not enough to desire new products or new processes. In fact, an innovation that an enterprise presents into the market may be also due to the creativity of its knowledge workers. Personal development is directly related to professional experience. Any personal experience may be an information source and a learning situation. As a result from a personal or a managerial decision, training courses may contribute to reawaken previously acquired knowledge and to facilitate the access to a higher knowledge level. The development of each knowledge worker has its own dynamics, which is related with personal objectives. The more demanding the objectives are the more the learning efforts should be intensified. Nowadays, learning processes and knowledge updating procedures depend on information technology. Moreover, it has a decisive role on knowledge development because competitive advantage can only be maintained by the use of information for innovation (Huffman et al. 1990). Nowadays, managers have to decide whether they want to obtain better results from their knowledge workers or they prefer to lose the creative power that they possess in their minds and their professional experience. Managers’ attention must be focused on personal development. To obtain an effective knowledge level, investment in knowl edge development is needed. Managers should improve their ability to motivate knowledge workers to attain higher knowledge levels, because the arousal of this set of intellectual needs may be caused by external stimuli. Motivations should be intensified, because they should impel knowledge workers to increase their knowledge levels. This movement will be decisive in terms of innovation and can contribute to a stronger competitiveness. Even when no innovation is possible, an improved knowledge of the market and competitors can lead to more competitive movements. The technical capacities of a modern information technology will help this motivational scheme. Companies have to find ways to reach knowledge workers’ involvement. A person’s level of involvement plays a role in how much effort is used to learn new subjects or to deepen knowledge. Moreover, this involvement is an adequate condition for information sharing among knowledge workers. Adding IT, creativity and knowledge leads to a particularly potent combination. Managers can obtain impressive results in what concerns the companies’ abilities to innovate if they are able to develop the stimulation of innovative proposals through motivational methods and adequate rewards. The same can be said in what concerns key success factors: managers should practice frequently the stimulation of competitive efforts, provided through utilisation of both existing and new technologies. This conceptual model intends to interpret the relationship between KM, innovation, and competitiveness. It may contribute to an integrated understanding of the knowledge development process and its influences into the domains where management efforts should be focused. Conclusions This article intends to provide insights to a better understanding of KM in what concerns the possibility of influencing innovation and competitiveness. Its considerations provide considerable support for the importance of knowledge workers as a decisive contribution to the strategic enhancement. The implications for managers have been underlined. Regarding these implications, some concluding remarks can be made: †¢define methods for measuring the degree of KM effectiveness; †¢develop effective strategies for integrating innovative efforts, professional experience, skills, interactive capacities to create value for a company’s competitiveness; †¢determine the means to capture, transfer and leverage knowledge effectively; †¢let KM enter into strategic decisions concerning the profitability of intellectual assets. The suggested model also enables us to extend some of the frameworks for understanding managers’ evaluation criteria. This extension to traditional models of management strategic decisions is a direct result of the informational complexities in modern organizations. Consequently, these considerations intend to represent an important step forward in unravelling the KM as an efficient support for innovation and competitiveness relationships. Directions for further research Deepening the analysis of managers’ interest on knowledge is critical to understand how KM can contribute to improve strategies’ formulation. Future research should examine the differences among industries, and measure accurately the relative importance of the factors that affect personal characteristics and knowledge development. Because these relations are not fully investigated, we suggest additional studies concerning the industries where knowledge workers have a more defined and important role. Future research on managers’ attitudes facing the linkages between strategic management and human value may have to examine carefully the role of a KM orientation as an effort to support adequately successful strategies. This discussion contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of a management orientation, which is able to leverage knowledge advances. It is the task of management to improve the types of knowledge that best fit innovative efforts and competitive strategies. If this management orientation is well pursued, the organizations are likely to profit from knowledge development and from their human resources creativity. Figure 1Influence of KM on innovation and competitiveness References Allen, C. T, Machleit, K. A, Kleine, S. S (1992), â€Å"A comparison of attitudes and emotions as predictors of behavior at diverse levels of behavioral experience†, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 18 pp. 493-504. Bearden, W. O, Calcich, S. E, Netemeyer, R. G, Teel, J. E (1986), â€Å"An exploratory investigation of consumer innovativeness and interpersonal influences†, in Lutz, R. J (Eds),Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, Vol. 13. Brooking, A (1996), Intellectual Capital: Core Asset for the Third Millennium Enterprise, International Thomson Business Press, London, . Burke, S. 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(1987), â€Å"The Zaichkowsky personal involvement inventory: modification and extension†, in Wallendorf, M. Anderson, P. F. (Eds),Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 14 pp. 36-40. Mowery, D (1983), â€Å"The relationships between intrafirm and contractual forms of industrial research in American manufacturing, 1900-1940†, Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 351-74. Nonaka, I. (1994), â€Å"The dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation†, Organizati on Science, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 14-37. Ozanne, J. L, Brucks, M, Grewal, D (1992), â€Å"A study of information search behavior during the categorization of new products†, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 8 pp. 452-63. Page, A (1993), â€Å"Assessing new product development practices and performance: establishing crucial norms†, Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 10 pp. 273-90. Prescott, J. E. , Gibbons, P. T (1993), â€Å"Global competitive intelligence: an overview†, in Prescott, J. E, Gibbons, P. 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The Relevance of Alma-Ata Declaration Free Sample for Students

Question: Write an Essay on the Relevance of Alma-Ata Declaration. Answer: Introduction The WHO Health Assembly in 1977 made a resolution that the main goal for nations across the globe in the decades to come, would be to ensure that their citizens attained a level of health by the year 2000, that would allow them to live an economically and socially productive life. This target or aspiration was referred to as "Health For All." The question that arose at that time and still remains is whether the HFA objective was possible. Is it an operation that can be attained? What would need to be done for HFA to be a reality? The answer that was proposed was Primary Health Care. That said the following year, UNICEF and WHO sponsored a major conference in which the agenda was PHC and that was held in Alma-Ata. The reaffirmation of health as a basic human right was the main agenda of the conference and the declaration was made that PHC was the key for the attainment of this target and which was a part of social justice development. In this paper, the relevance of the declaration is analyzed in the current-day lens, close to 40 years after it was made. The relevance of the Alma-Ata is discussed and the way forward with regard in its sustainability is also highlighted. Thesis Statement: The relevance of the Alma-Ata Declaration lies in community health Current challenges in the global healthcare systems Countries in the middle and low income levels, as well as high income countries, all face the challenge of increased non-communicable illness prevalence. This change has resulted in the simultaneous existence of under nutrition, persistent infectious diseases, and problems related to reproductive health along with the emergence of non-communicable diseases with their associated risk factors (including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and smoking) (Fren Moon, 2013). This transition in epidemiology presents a major challenge to the global healthcare systems. A majority of these systems are focused around child and maternal health as well as the care of episodic, acute illnesses. The future needs PHCs that are appropriate and which are capable of delivering effective chronic disease management as well. Global initiatives that focus on prioritized diseases such as malaria, TB, and HIV/AIDS may be undermining the wide services in healthcare through effort duplication, national budgets and health plan distortion, and more so via the re-routing of the valuable and scarce human resource (Congressional Research Service, 2012). More often than not, disease control technicalities take precedence over holistic care. On a rather ironic note, the Alma-Ata declaration highlighted the short comings of the single issue, top-down programs. The horizontal integration and PHC of health programs is critical in the attainment of the MDGs. An example is the integration efforts of preventive chemotherapy programmes that are targeted at five of what are referred to as the neglected tropical diseases, which are estimated to result in major cost cuts of more than 47% (WHO, 2014) PHC also plays the role of linking the interface between hospital and ambulatory care; speciality services and hospitals; community health and the individual; and family planning and nutrition programs. By failing to see the connection between the various district health care system components, adverse inefficiency becomes the end result. In countries at the low income level, the first care level can resolve close to 90% of its citizens heath care services demands. There is sufficient evidence indicating that health systems that focus on PHC have a high likelihood of delivering better outcomes with regard to health for the public ,with greater satisfaction among recipients in addition to greater savings in costs (Salam, Lassi, Daset al., (2014) There is no one-system-fits-all (Henderson, 2015).A major challenge is in the establishment of a combination of interventions that are most effective and which target several risk factors and conditions that affect the main groups(for example, the elderly, children, and women) and that are adopted in an appropriate manner at the local level in socio-cultural, economic, and epidemiological contexts. Interventions' clustering results in the achievement of comprehensiveness, resource limitations notwithstanding. These kinds of clusters will include management integration of illnesses affecting children, reproductive and maternal healthcare; community and clinic based management of malaria, TB, STIs, and HIV/AIDS; management of cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension and stroke; substance abuse and mental illness (Henderson, 2015) PHC constitutes the first contact point for family and patient care in addition to being the critical foundation for the extension of care to vulnerable communities. Focus of outreach services may be on preventive measures at an individual level (such as ORT, vitamin A, or immunizations) or health promotion at the community level (such as exercise, diet, or child nutrition). The provision of these services relies heavily on the mechanisms and support for the identification, training, as well as support of the community health care workers (White, 2015) The universal challenge is affordability. Defining which services can be provided at no-charge and in a realistic manner at the first contact point and the financial mechanism mix that need to be promoted, is a question begging for an answer. User charges for provision of PHC is a major issue of contention as there has been repeated deterrence in the people that really need the services not being able to access the same. Indeed, providing financial incentives to poor populations is an effective option. There are several countries that have pilot schemes that offer financial incentives in the form of vouchers and money to increase and encourage community members' access specific services such as family planning and maternity services (Grainger, Gorter, Okal et al. 2014). Monitoring health care services and outcomes is also a viable way of improving access that is equitable. This is in addition to providing incentives to the human resource that delivers services to the community membe rs that are vulnerable. The stark reality in countries in the middle and low income levels is that most healthcare service will continue to be a job done by NGOs and private organizations (Basu, Andrews, Kishore et al., 2012) Most places across the globe and more so in Sub Sahara Africa, have human resource shortfalls that cripple the healthcare services partly because of internal and international migration which has renewed the interest in mobilising community workers to fill in the gap. The irony is that the poor countries that used industrialised countries' training standards are the same that are most vulnerable to poaching by their mentors. A major challenge is overcoming the sense of resignation and motivation loss of majority of PHC workers who work in minimally staffed settings. These staffs lack managerial support that is consistent and have adjusted to inadequate services (Bonenberger, Marc, Moses et al., 2014). PHC jobs in most developing countries are viewed as being menial and are not valued by policy makers or the public. To reverse this perception, adequate governance and prioritized political commitment, as well as adequate funding, will change the status and make primary care an attract ive option for workers (Boneneberger, et al., 2014) The Relevance of the Alma-Ata declaration is synched to community health care Global efforts toward convergence of grand health are propelled by the Sustainable Development Goals where children and women form poor communities are able to access the same quality levels of health services as those from wealthier countries. When recognition is given to communities as being change factors that are key for the transformation of health care systems for adolescents, children, women, and other vulnerable groups, and when such communities are empowered and valued for the assets they possess, then it becomes possible for progress to be driven and sustained toward health outcomes that are equitable and accelerate the progress toward maternal and child mortality (UNICEF, 2013). It is a known fact that mortality rate of 2.4 million children and mothers can be averted every year(Black, Levin, Walker et al., 2016) through the scaling up and strengthening of evidence-based packaged interventions that focus on volunteers at the community level, salaried healthcare community workers, and communities that are involved and committed to the course. However, there has been lagging in health systems with regard to strengthening the community and existing initiatives have gained traction at a very slow pace at the community level, often resulting with communities as recipients of services rather than empowering the key actors who are capable of strengthening the systems and making them more equitable. In decentralized environments, the challenge of implementing national policies on community health remains a major issue (Black et al., 2016). While there is continued accumulation on evidence that supports community empowerment and engagement effectiveness in saving lives of children, newborns, and mothers, more is needed in acquisition of knowledge on building, sustaining, and scaling vibrant partnerships in communities that are integrated effectively within the healthcare systems. This is a critical step in the development of supportive programs and policies for community health and for the documentation, replication, and scaling up of approaches that are successful with regard to other vulnerable groups as well. Health efforts at the community level are complex requiring a variety of methods for the documentation of what works and comprehending why, within different countries is necessary. Countries should focus on building community health systems that are stronger and which are capable of driving progress toward the achievement of the SDGs. Developing countries should be ready to emulate the few countries that have built successful community platforms and are on the path to ensuring the universal access of primary care for mothers , children, and other vulnerable groups. To do so, a meaningful focus and attention should be given to community healthcare development. Although this is not a novel idea, focusing on community health development should aim at supporting the roles of members as empowered and valued actors for services delivery; provision of oversight for health services delivery at all levels; improving and advancing health literacy and social norms that encourage good health; enhancement of health systems' accountability to the recipients; and giving a voice to those who have been denied one. This vision encapsulates strengthening of community systems through empowerment, agency, cohesion, trust, participation, and inclusion. Facilitation of community empowerment and participation Active participation of the community is necessary for interventions to be effective including those for children, newborn, and maternal health and diseases that are environment related. Community participation goes beyond mobilization of persons in accepting interventions. The need for a move from focusing on health education (information provision) to promotion of health (transformation of behaviour and attitudes) is necessary for the empowerment of communities to have roles that are more active with regard to their health (Foot, Gilbert, Dunn et al., 2014). Messages that promote health are dynamic- the transition and epidemiological rise in non-communicable, chronic diseases among the elderly populations, tobacco use, changing diets, and lives that are more sedentary, will call for messages that are appropriate and dissemination of the same in an effective way. Through health promotion and education in schools, communities will be empowered to take control with reference to their individual health. The main challenge for mobilization of communities lies in replicating it at scale in an effective manner (Campbell Cornish, 2012; Marston, Renedo, Mcgowan et al., 2013). The earlier emphasis on participation by communities was focusing on poor populations living in rural areas. However, most of the global populace resides in the cities and the need for urban population community engagement requires models of care that are functional. Conclusion Every level- global, national, provincial, district, facility, community, family, and individual- has a responsibility and role to fulfill if HFA is to be achieved. Delivery of results with an approach based on PHC will require links, partnerships, and an environment that is enabling including support from the bottom-up from communities that are empowered, support form the top-down from governments that are responsible, and across state and municipal levels, and support from external financial and technical resources, when appropriate and needed. There is a need to strengthen PHC facilities and services and link them to the communities in which they are located and whom they serve. However, PHC is much broader than the health system and hence greater action is needed. The Alma-Ata declaration emphasized on intersectoral and community collaboration and that is needed now more than ever in light of the increasing development architecture complexity. There is a need for measurable and p ragmatic approaches that construct evidence on the manner in which these strategies can be implemented ,in the best way possible, and within various settings. References Basu,S; Andrews, J; Kishore,S; Panjabi, R, Stuckler, D (2012). Comparative Performance of Private and Public Healthcare Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001244 Black, R.E., Levin, C., Walker, N., Chou, D., Liu, L., Temmerman, M. (2016). Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: key messages from Disease Control Priorities 3rd Edition. The Lancet, 388 (10061), 2811-2824. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00738-8 Bonenberger, Marc, Moses Aikins, Patricia Akweongo, and Kaspar Wyss. (2014). "The effects of health worker motivation and job satisfaction on turnover intention in Ghana: a cross-sectional study". Hum Resour Health 12, no. 43;10-1186.Campbell C, Cornish F (2012) How can community health programmes build enabling environments for transformative communication? Experiences from India and South Africa. AIDS Behav 16: 847857. Congressional Research Service (2012). The Globbal Challenge of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20120529_R41802_3707b8ef1bad19b1cf56bfda27a712b074f40856.pdf Foot, C; Gilbert, H; Dunn, P; Jabbal J; Seale, B; et al., (2014). People in control of their own health and care: the state of involvement. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/field/field_publication_file/people-in-control-of-their-own-health-and-care-the-state-of-involvement-november-2014.pdf Frenk, J Moon, S. (2013). Governance Challenges in Global Health. N Engl J Med; 368:936-942. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1109339 Grainger C, Gorter A, Okal J, Bellows B.(2014). Lessons from sexual and reproductive health voucher program design and function: a comprehensive review.Int J Equity Health. 13(1):33. 10.1186/1475-9276-13-33J, Henderson J.W. (2015). Health economics and policy. Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. Marston, C., Renedo, A., Mcgowan, C.R., Portela, A. (2013). Effects of Community Participation on Improving Uptake of Skilled Care for Maternal and Newborn Health: A Systematic Review. PlosONE, 8(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055012. Salam, R. A., Lassi, Z. S., Das, J. K., Bhutta, Z. A. (2014). Evidence from district level inputs to improve quality of care for maternal and newborn health: interventions and findings.Reproductive Health,11(Suppl 2), S3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-11-S2-S3 UNICEF (2013) Strategic Plan 2014-2017. https://www.unicef.org/about/execboard/files/2013-16-Strategic_Plan_2014-2017-ODS-English.pdf White, F (2015). Primary Health Care and Public Health: Foundations of Universal Health Systems. Med Princ Pract. 24:103-116 https://doi.org/10.1159/000370197 World Health Organization (2014)Preventive chemotherapy: planning, requesting medicines, and reporting.Wkly Epidemiol Rec89: 6171

Time Management free essay sample

Karin Detweller Through time people have learned different ways to manage their time. Rather be while working and going to school or while working and raising a family. Three keys to time management I have found effective for myself are to prioritize, decide, and set boundaries. Even though each individual have their own way of time management, most everyone uses these key things. In time management its very important to prioritize your goals, schedules, and tasks. Managing your time is key to successfully prioritize your time. One way to rioritize your time would be by writing everything down. Write down your tasks that you do daily, weekly, as well as long term projects or assignments. Organize these tasks by time. Break your tasks into three time categories: career aims, objectives, and targets. Then rank your objectives, targets and career aims. That will be a great step in starting to manage your time. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Something else you can do to be successful in your time management is making decisions. So now that you have prioritized your tasks you can set aside the time by making the decision on how much time you need for each task. If you have an over baring list then you may want to make the decision to trim it down so that It Is a realistic list of tasks. Dont let each task take up a lot of time. Make sure you start with the tasks that have a higher priority level. Then go on to the next task on your list. (Goodman, 201 3) Last but not least set boundaries. Look for ways to set healthy limits In your relationships. This means your work relationships, friends, and family. Always keep your promises to yourself. Also again set reallstlc goals for yourself, because we often ook past the promises that we make to ourselves. Put ourselves and our dreams and goals last. So defininatly set boundaries. (Goodman, 2013) During this research on time management I have learned that In order to successfully manage your time your going to have to apply boundaries to your lists of goals and daily tasks. Without priorltlzlng, deciding, and boundary setting you will more than likely fail at time management. Juggling multiple tasks will be a lot easier wltn tnese Keys tnlngs llstea In tnls paper. lake time set clown ana make a dally ana weekly schedule Time management free essay sample In this paper we are going to discuss the effects of time management and how it can help you in your daily activities. Time management is very important in many aspects of our lives whether it’s doing schoolwork, getting ready for work, or getting the kids ready for their sporting events. As one can see time management has many different effects on our lives, both as adults and as an adolescent. Therefore, using time management in our daily lives helps us every day and one will see the effects that it has on us even if we don’t know how to manage our time efficiently and effortlessly. Time management can be used in many different ways throughout the day. When managing our time during the day, often people will try to keep you from finishing your duties in a timely manner. However, discussing time management one will see how it will help them in many of their daily activities and the effects that it has. We will write a custom essay sample on Time management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Time Management affects us in many ways throughout our daily lives. Sometimes time management can affect us by people stopping us on the way to work, while we are on a phone call, or even that last minute thing that has to be done before we can leave. We have to manage our time daily, such as when we first wake up for the day, to start getting ready for work or even to get our day started. Managing our time effectively during the day is a soft skill that not many people have and are able to us effectively. It is often said that study has shown that self-management in the setting of adolescents with disabilities showed that there were many variations among these people(DiPipi-Hoy, Caroline; Jitendra, Asha K; Kern, Lee pgs.145-159). However, time management and self-management affects those with disabilities and it also affects those that don’t have any disabilities. Most of us have problems with time management, whereas with others it comes fairly easy because they have things written down on calendars, daily planners or even have reminders stored in their phones. In today’s society it is hard to manage our time wisely and efficiently because there are many daily activities that are going on throughout the day  that affects them from managing their time appropriately. However, those with certain disabilities find it harder to manage their time better than others. In 2004 there was a mandated Individuals with Disabilities Act, which required schools to include transition goals in what is called an Individualized Education Program by the age of 16(DiPipi-Hoy, Caroline; Jitendra, Asha K; Kern, Lee pgs145-159). Time management affects many different people in many different ways daily, because they are not able to break things down so that they can get the things done that they need to do and be able to do them in a timely manner. With today’s society it is harder to manage our time efficiently because throughout the day we have many things that go on. Time Management can help us in many different ways throughout our daily activities. Time manage is a soft skill that we obtain throughout our lifetime, it helps us as individuals mange what and how we do things during the day. Although, while using it one can see that he or she doesn’t have enough time in one day to get everything done at one time. However, to manage our time as individuals, we would need to break up our daily activities into many smaller time frames throughout the day so that we are able to complete them in a timely manner. What one will see is that time management is not only a soft skill it is also a hard skill that they learn over the duration of their lifetime. When one uses this skill, he or she will see that it often harder at times to make time during the day, to do everything they have to do, and that is why scheduling things around certain times of the day are needed and give it will give you a time frame to get it done. I chose this topic of time management to show the effects of time management and how it will help us in our daily lives. I often find myself running low on time during the day, so what I do is I use a schedule book and reminders to remind myself what I have got to get done and give myself a allotted time to get it done and then I will move onto the next thing. I believe that not only myself but everyone else can build a time management schedule that will help them maintain daily activities throughout their day so that they are able to complete them in a timely manner. When using time management one  need to have a set schedule of things that they have to do and give themselves enough time throughout the day. While reading the effects of time management, we have seen what one can do to manage their time efficiently and how to complete their daily activities. Time management is a soft skill that is acquired throughout our lifetime and continues to grow as we grow. However, managing our time with everything that we do during the day maybe hard for us to do, it can be done without any hesitation at all.

Living in a Fantasy Professor Ramos Blog

Living in a Fantasy For centuries, gender roles have played a major role in society. Women had very little to no say in anything. In the story â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek,† gender roles are put into play. Along with the fantasy of living the life of a telenovela in which the protagonist, Cleofilas, sets to base her decisions on, her husband Juan Pedro does not fail to live up to expectations. Much like in telenovelas, there is always that one character in which seems to cause the majority of the problems; this character very much resembles Juan. In the story, Juan assigns Cleofilas the role of the housewife which does not have any say in what can be done. Like the stereotype of the woman being the vulnerable one in the relationship, Cleofilas fits just that. Juan does not fall behind in being the abusive and macho type figure. Machismo would be a much better character trait that runs throughout the story. All these aspects fit perfectly, much like a puzzle into those of a telenovela. The notion o f fantasy land, machismo and gender roles greatly describes Cleofilas’ life.   Nothing good can ever come from living in a fantasy land. From living one’s life with false hope to leading someone to one of the most dangerous of situations. Cleofilas attempts to live the life of a telenovela protagonist. Just as in telenovelas, the protagonist seems to be constantly running into obstacles. In Cleofilas’ case, Juan seems to always cause her harm. Not only does he drag her away from her family, but leads her straight to danger. The abusive side that came to characterize Juan, was not a good sight for Cleofilas. Although a sort of happy ending does occur when Felice saves her and helps her get away from her abusive husband, nothing good ever comes from living in a fantasy land. In the beginning of the story, Cleofilas’ father, Don Serafin, expressed something very important to her. â€Å"I am your father. I will never abandon you† (Cisneros 43) he expressed. However it turned out to be that it was not the father that broke his promise of never abandoning her, rather it was Clefilas who fled the scene. After Cleofilas’ husband, Juan Pedro, seeked permission from her father to take her hand in marriage, they rapidly fled. Similar to those traits of today’s society, the man usually makes the decisions on behalf of him and his partner. After leaving her family behind, Cleofilas was forced to start a new life. Her telenovela fantasy did not seem totally out of reach anymore. As usual, the telenovelas seen on tv never forgot to include the story’s villain which nobody seemed to distinguish from everyone else. In Cleofilas’ fantasy, the villain was right in front of her. After bareing Juan Pedro’s son, Juan Pedrito, his personality took a sharp turn for the worst. Removing one’s self from one country to the next is never easy. Especially when one does not know the language of the country they are in. After finding work, Juan Pedro seemed to be a really hard working character but also started to become the abusive partner. After long hours of work, he came home tired and frustrated drinking away his what seemed to be depression, he found a new way to remove steam. Turning to Cleofilas, things quickly turned to the dark side as Juan swung away towards her. She did not make the slightest attempt to defend herself because of the fact she wanted to like in her telenovela fantasy. She never sees the person being abused defend herself, so she just let it come to her. The macho type charisma seemed to be taking over Juan. He resembles the stereotypical man of the household taking control of the situation no matter what others may think. Taking advantage of the vulnerable and defenceless Cleofil as, Juan was at control. â€Å"..he slapped her once, and then again, and again; until the lip split and bled an orchid of blood,she didnt fight back, she didn’t break into tears, she didnt run away as she imagined she might when she saw such things in the telenovelas† (Cisneros 47). Just as it seemed that Juan let his manliness take over, he quickly turned into the full of emotion man who turned to Cleofilas to apologize just after he beat her forcefully. This happened over and over and over.   What seems to be the welcoming of a second child, a doctor visit seems to be in order. The only thing that seemed to be getting in the way was the extreme bruising Cleofilas was suffering from the beatings inflicted by Juan. Juan did not let her go to a doctors visit due to the fear he had that someone might assume something due to her many bruises. Cleofilas had to beg and beg. â€Å"But please, at least for the doctors visit.† (Cisneros 53) It seemed as if Cleofilas was anxious and needy for this doctors visit. She made it appear as if she knew something was going to happen. This course of action taken by Cleofilas is really similar to the environment provided by Saudi Arabia. Women are not allowed to travel or even apply for a passport without the approval of their male guardian (â€Å"Saudi Arabia†¦..†). Women do not have an ounce of freedom. It was not until 1955 that a school for women was established and in 1970 that the first university for women was establ ished in Saudi Arabia (â€Å"Women’s Rights in Saudi†¦.†). Much like Saudi Arabian women, Cleofilas is not allowed to go anywhere without permission of Juan. In the story, Cleofilas does not only live in a roller coaster filled with its ups and downs but most likely came out with some life lessons. In a world filled with machismo, gender roles and attempting to live in the aspects of a fantasy, Cleofilas seems to maneuver just fine. â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek† has not only demonstrated the paths of many women but also adds a pint of Sandra Cisneros’ Mexican Culture. Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. Bloomsbury, 2004. Deutsche Welle. â€Å"Womens Rights in Saudi Arabia: A Timeline: DW: 07.01.2019.† DW.COM, dw.com/en/womens-rights-in-saudi-arabia-a-timeline/g-40709135. â€Å"Saudi Arabia: 10 Reasons Why Women Flee.† Human Rights Watch, 30 Jan. 2019, www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/30/saudi-arabia-10-reasons-why-women-flee.

The relationship between religious traditions and design in Essay

The relationship between religious traditions and design in architecture - Essay Example The dead were buried inside the walls of the Catacombs – the walls were dug and the dead placed inside after which that space was closed and the name of the person buried was written on the cap closing that space. The Catacombs had great significance to the Christians because they acted as their safe haven where they Christians could practice their religious rites without obstruction. They can as well be compared to Egypt at the time when King Herod went ahead to kills all the new born and Jesus was flown to Egypt to escape being killed since he was a newborn then. Inside the Catacombs were inscribed artworks. These artworks enhanced the faith of the Christians who came to worship in the catacombs. The fact that Martyrs were buried in the Catacombs also acted as a sense of connection to heaven through the martyrs. The Catacombs despite being underground in darkness were a great inspiration to the Christian faithful. This might Gothic structure was constructed by King Louis IX. He was quite devoted to Christianity and decided to build a huge chapel that could house precious relics. The King went about buying holy relics, for instance the crown of thorns among others, to be housed in this chapel. The King also wanted his Kingdom to be landmark for western Christendom. The structural supports are very few on the inside. This was done to create more space for the stained glass. The result is that the internal appearance is greatly beautiful and well lit. Looking up on the roof from the inside reveal the great beauty of the internal structures. The art drawn on the stained glass add to this beauty. The height of this structure is of significance as it is an indication of pointing heavenwards. The relics contained inside also have great significance to the Christian faith. The lower chapel in this structure was dedicated to Virgin Mary the mother of Jesus. She is a significant figure in the Christian faith particularly the Catholics. The

Mapping an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mapping an Argument - Essay Example The courts role must remain to ensure proper interpretation of the laws as opposed to participating in the political ideas and thus contributing to the political decisions of the people. The article raises various issues that are very fundamental in understanding the relationship between law and politics. The first major issue is the racial divide that was very prevalent in the Niagara Falls between the African Americans and the White Americans. The issue threatened politics of the council, as it appeared that the White majority voted as a bloc, based on race, to eliminate the African American preferred candidate (Curtin, 2002). When the matter was taken to the federal court, the judge found no evidence that the White majority had voted as a block on racial grounds. This decision however appeared to be more of a political decision than one based on law. Another important point expressed by the author is that the judiciary should refrain from the legislative process of the council, except in situations where such legislation process seems to infringe on the rights of individuals to vote. The judiciary should have no other role in the political process of enacting laws apart from that of protecting people’s rights. In the case of the council of Niagara Falls, the legislative process did not seem to violate the one person-one vote principle and the judge therefore had no business involving himself in resolving it. The judge’s decision seemed to be interfering with a political process. Every society has its own culture and traditions that are different and unique from those of other societies. These cultures and traditions affect to a greater extent the worldviews of the individuals and how they conduct themselves in different situations. Cultural relativism demands that we do not judge other people’s cultures and traditions based on our own cultures. No culture is particularly

Concert Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Concert Report - Essay Example If technically superior and sophisticated, but with an accessibility that allows anyone to be able to listen and appreciate it. The evening was a pleasant and exciting event for music as jazz musician created a magical atmosphere. Listening to smooth jazz is similar to listening to pop music. The ways in which they are similar includes the easiness of listening, the simplicity that appears to be present even though there is obvious technical difficulty involved, and that it creates a sense of joy even when its being sorrowful or melancholy. Stetcu defined as smooth jazz as something that is driven by a popular audience appreciation (25). This in no way diminishes its presence, but instead provides a means for the principles of jazz to be more enjoyable as the composition takes its complexity and supports it with a lighter presentation. Most of the music that was playing seemed joyful. There is a certain amount of happiness that comes through this particular style of music that may not necessarily be in other forms of jazz. One of the interesting things of note was the way in which the drummer played. Some drummers tend to be extremely active and aggressive as they beat on the skins. Even during his solos, Ramon Banda was laid-back in the way which he approached his methods of play even though this sounds did not seem restrained. His solos flowed seamlessly into the rest of music as the other instruments dropped away and then joined him. This particular style was not necessarily aggressive, but that did not mean that his beat was repressed. He was constant and vigilant in the way in which he created an underlying rhythm. The duet between Henry Franklin and Gilbert Castallanos was in inspiring. The complexity of what they were playing created an overtone of the smooth jazz line with a sophistication that ran through

Functionalism In Psychology History Principles And Contributions Philosophy Essay

Functionalism In Psychology History Principles And Contributions Philosophy Essay This essay shows a history of functionalism, its principles and contributions. It includes four stages of psychology in the United States, development of functionalism and notable functionalists focusing on Willam James. It shows the theory of free will, habits and instincts, Jamess early years, mind-body debate, consciousness, emotions and the self. The development of self-esteem by James Williams could probably help social workers, counselors and psychologists to tackle clients who are troubled, bullied, depressed, anaroxic or suicidal. Functionalism in Psychology: History, Principles Contributions The alternative model to structuralism was known as functionalism. Founded by William James,who agreed with Edward Titchner that the study of consciousness must be the central theme of psychology. But James disagreed with structuralists search for basic elements of mind, he rather emphasized that psychologists should study how the mind functions. James published a book titled Principles of Psychology in 1890, which promoted functionalism. He agreed that consciousness is an ongoing stream, a property of the mind that continually interacts with the environment. Through this interaction, human beings learn to adapt to their environment. For him, the functions of mind were more important than the structures of mind (Hergenhahn, 2005). This paper will represent the history, principles and current contributions of functionalism. According to Sahakian (1975), thereare four stages of early United States Psychology. The pre-revolution, first stage betweenthe year 1640 1776, the using of reasoning to differentiate between God, beliefs, religion and state.Second stage between the year 1776 1886, commonsense philosophers have agreed to take feelings and senses as equal to reason. Third stage between the year 1886 1896, psychology is separated from philosophy and religion. In the final fourth stage, the publication of John Deweys article The Reflex Arc in Psychology in the year 1896 and themixture of science, apprehension for practicality, importance on individual and evolutionary theorycombined together into the school of functionalism. Functionalism was rooted in Charles Darwins theory of evolution. Evolution is based on individual differences and the survival of adaptive features. Adaptation becomes a popular approach to measuring intelligence and Individual Differences become a valued part of mental research. Unlike most other psychologists who were interested in the structure of mental activity, functionalists were interested in functions, the mental aspects of adapting to an environment. Functionalist were equally interested in individual differences of all mental activity. Functionalism started with John Lockes political theory influenced the American and French Constitutions (Hergenhahn, 2005). His views on education have contributed to the thoughts of every subsequent theorizer in the field.The mind at birth possesses no innate ideas. The mind of man is a tabula rasa or blank slate at birth, upon which is impressed many sense impressions. All knowledge proceeds through sense experience. As the mind stores up a variety of sense impressions, associations occur which provide new knowledge. The mind is consequently passive. The senses provide the mind with the materials which represent reality. These materials are not identical with the extra mental object. The material is the idea within the mind which represents the object outside the mind being received by the senses. By combining, comparing and analyzing these materials or ideas arising through sensations, we derive thoughts. Knowledge is not sense perception but intellectual perception. Functionalists like American philosopher, John Dewey who criticized reductionistic approaches to psychology and argued that experience must be understood in a naturalistic context. He applied the assumptions of functionalism in developing the field of school psychology and educational practices. As the functionalists studied the functions of consciousness, gradually their attention shifted to the learning process itself. They paid less attention to the study of consciousness and more to the environmental conditions that facilitate mental functions. William James was the most influential functionalist.He presented much of the foundation functional psychology, but he did not develop his ideas to the point of an independent school of study. He endorsed some aspects of functionalism, and considered the father of American psychology. Consistent with materialism and evolution, James believed that science opposed the existence of free will. In turn, he proposed free will to be beyond the realm of science. The nature of free will is reflected in voluntary behaviour. To control our voluntary behaviour, we must control the ideas of behaviour. Ideas of action can lead to action, or can be held back consciously.According to James, both habits and instinct are within the brain (not in the mind) and outside of free will(Hergenhahn, 2005). Habits are learned and continuous repetition could stabilize mental functions in the brain. Instincts are unlearned and they are learned patterns of reacting. Instincts are not blind and invariable and can be moulded by habit. James was initially impressed with the scientific advancements tied to both materialism and evolution, but those sciences left him disappointed and even depressed.His depression ended while reading about free will. He doubted free will was an illusion if he could voluntarily believe in free will. Voluntary belief also influenced his approach to science. His major publication was Principles of Psychology which provided a solid foundation of modern psychology in America. James attempted to cover every aspect of psychology and took twelve years to write it, and it was 1,393 pages long (published as two volumes). Principles of Psychology generally support a dualist, interactionist approach to human nature. James presents separate mind phenomena and brain phenomena, and proposes ways in which they interact.Most experimental psychologists at that time were looking for elements of consciousness.James represented the concept of a stream of consciousness. According to James, consciousness is not made up of a bunch of little pieces put together. Consciousness is personal (no need for common elements), continuous (cannot be dismantled), always changing, always selective and choosing (free will) and dealt of objects other than itself (the purpose is functional and adaptive). According to James, the self is the sum of all things which a person can call mine. Including the body and all possessions (material self), the self as it is known by others (social self) and spiritual self(Hergenhahn, 2005). Self as knower (the I, pure ego) is an ultimate vantage point, self that does the knowing and a part of you that remains constant in a changing stream of consciousness. Self-esteem is a ratio of the actual self over the potential self. Esteem could come from achievements and from lowering expectations.The classic theory of emotion in functionalism is stimulus, emotion and response; perceive object, experience emotion and respond to it. Another theory of emotion is stimulus, response and emotion; the behaviour is a functional reaction to the stimulus and the emotion is the result of the response. As a functional result, behaviours associated with how you want to feel can give you that feeling. Functionalism was an overwhelming achievement, unfortunately, it was a bsorbed into the mainstream psychology and not on its own. However, the study of functionalism and the selfresultedthe development of the study of self-esteem which helps the world till today. James had a very simple definition of self-esteem: success divided by pretension. According to James the more success we have and the lower our expectations or pretensions then the higher our self-esteem. To raise self-esteem, therefore, we have two options: lower our expectations of ourselves or increase our achievements.This theorygives us and psychologists a better understanding on howpeople react to their thoughtsand perhaps to tackle depression and maintain self-esteem. Functionalism has taught us on how to get a better understanding of the functions of the mind and perhaps this theory could be useful for psychologists, counsellors and social workers who meet with suicidal or depressed clients.