Lego Branding Community Essay

Goals of Education

Ani Antonyan Goals of Education has been assuming a somewhat significant job in the improvement of humankind since the beginning of mankind. It has relaxed periods and, therefore, through various modes. Indeed, even rulers and sovereigns of dull occasions appended incredible significance to instruction as in it they saw the eventual fate of their countries. We additionally ought to acknowledge what an incredible job it plays in our lives and later on for our countries.In truth instruction is basic for each person to build up its character and discover its place in the general public, in the mean time, as we probably am aware, every general public and country, comprises of people , in this way it is critical for progress of nations also. Instructed individuals are progressively certain and ordinarily comprehend what they need from this life. Training assists with shaping character and create character. It shapes basic reasoning , and diagnostic capacities which are generous for every individual who needs to accomplish statures .The more you study, the more you have to contemplate , in this way a perpetual procedure of learning begins. While you study your cerebrum is working. What's more, this is the promise of remaining youthful and vigorous. After all let’s not overlook that it gives us uncommon capability to secure positions and gain our living. Taught individuals are required in every circle of life and it is highly unlikely out without them, since they can show proficient treatment.It is a general information that the entire comprises of parts. A similar way the general public comprises of people, who live, work and convey inside the extents of that society . In this manner the many instructed individuals structure the bit of society the more it is inclined to progress. That’s why such huge numbers of governors are worried to have taught age who will commendably welcome the legacy they have and add to it advancements so as to leave it for next , ideally increasingly instructed generation.Thus , the primary objectives of training are helping individuals to be progressively proficient and fearless and keep the mind in sound condition . Having gotten commendable instruction you can essentially be helpful to your nation and such individuals as you. Moreover, being taught you have more prospects to get a decent line of work and to give an advantageous living to yourself and your family. At long last let’s remember that it is intriguing to speak with an individual who’s taught. Consequently, it is difficult to overlook the hugeness of training.

Graphic Designer Resume Examples, Template, and Tips

Graphic Designer Resume Examples, Template, and Tips Have you found a perfect formula to write your graphic designer resume? Have no worries, as we have got one for you?Our excellent and super-useful resume builder will help you get the most of your CV. Learn how to position your skills, experience and all the other components and become the chosen one. Our hottest tips and tricks are tailored to make you look like the best candidate in the world.Okay, first of all, as a graphic designer, what would you name as your biggest virtue?CREATIVITY!Come to think of it, this unique skill makes you special, is that so? As a matter of fact, it makes you so special that hiring managers will use all it takes to get to you and give you the job. Now, how wonderful does that sound?Sorry to burst your bubbles, but YOU are just one of many creative graphic designers trying to grab some great position.Though creativity IS your most powerful secret weapon, you need to learn how to use it wisely and adequately and become the most appealing candidate.Let†™s get things started, shall we?Graphic Deisgner Resume Example for Holycode Right Graphic Designer Resume Sample for Co-Designer Right Create your own resumeGUIDE ON WRITING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTION FOR YOUR DESIGNER RESUMEThis section is a sort of introduction of yourself to the recruiters. Here you can fill only the information that you want to be shown on your CV, and leave the other fields empty.Find some logical balance. What we are trying to tell you here is that you don’t need to reveal certain information if you don’t want to, but still, you need to make sure that potential job-givers will be able to get in touch with you smoothly.Our amazing resume builder will make sure they are displayed the best way possible, for the highest level of visibility!We shall explain detail by detail which information are “must-have” in your resume and which are okay to leave out.ProfessionFirst of all, it is very important to name the POSITION you are applying for precisely. Why so? Because as soon as the system generates your CV in our resume builder, this data will appear right underneath your name.Adding this to your CV, will personalize it, which, in the eyes of hiring managers give you several positive points extra. This also shows that you created the resume for THAT particular occasion, that it’s not the one to be sent on all the job ads where the graphic designer is needed.So, if the company is looking for a junior creative designer, here’s how to and how not to write:Mary Smith, Junior Creative Designer RightMary Smith, Graphic Designer WrongWhile the other example shows something that is already obvious and familiar form your resume, the first one hints that the CV is made for THAT specific position in THAT specific company you are sending resume to.The simple, but effective trick, of many you, are yet to learn!PhotoHere’s the first optional part of your CV. Some companies have this as a mandatory rule (due to specific job requirements), while the others do not oblige candidates to include a photo in their resume.If you plan to add a photo, there are some guidelines to have i n mind. First of all, take it against the light background so that your face is clear and visible, not in shadows. Make sure you are dressed politely and professionally so that the person looking at your resume has the impression that you are a pleasant person.Informal photos are a great bog NO-NO for resumes, as they are simply unsuitable for the occasion. You are trying to get yourself that FANCY JOB, aren’t you?The least you can do is upload a picture that makes you look polite and presentable.So, avoid photos from the beach, parties, those with children or pets, those where you are smiling too much or the ones where you look grumpy.Simply, just look natural, be yourself.Try to put yourself in recruiters’ place- would you hire someone with a glass of whiskey in their resume?Contact infoThis part features several ways managers can get in touch with you.The parts you SHOULD include are phone number and e-mail address. As for the address where you actually live, this part is not necessary, and you can freely leave this info out.However, if the job ad requires you to list this, then do so, as even the tiniest detail can be an eliminatory one.If you omit it and the ad stated that this data is necessary, this can actually reveal managers a lot about you.HOW SO?Well, if you fail to fulfill the tiniest requirement such as listing this in your resume, it shows that you didn’t read the ad well (which implicates you could treat the future assignments in the same way, perhaps?)As for your e-mail address, add the one that sounds professional, not the entertaining one. If you haven’t got one, make it. It takes only a minute and makes a huge difference in your resume. Here are the examples:mary.smith@gmail.com Rightbloodymary666@gmail.com WrongIn addition to this, make it SOUND simple. Things are not so difficult when one reads it, but when one needs to PRONOUNCE or spell it, that’s where problems may appear.Don’t let such details make you look unprofessiona l, the least you can do is follow the requirements and make sure everything’s done as written. A small note regarding date of birth here- unless a specific job requires a candidate of a specific age, you are not obliged to include this information.Social mediaThis section allows you to include all the important social media profiles. If you have a Behance profile or your personal website, those are huge pluses.Linkedin profile is the most desirable one. If you opt to list this one, personalize the URL before attaching it to your resume. Here’s what we mean:https://www.linkedin.com/in/mary-smith/ Righthttps://www.linkedin.com/in/mary-smith/3x97253/ WrongAvoid adding Facebook or Instagram profile if the content is not adequate. By this, we mean some private photos or some statuses, activities that may give the wrong impression to the managers. Of course, we all go out and have fun, but no-one wants it to be the first thing to exhibit to your future employers, isn’t that so?Whi chever profile you decide to add, make sure the information is UP-TO-DATE.Check if all your skills, experiences and other qualifications are listed there.Like the trick with adding position, this also shows whether you checked if everything’s well right before applying to that specific job. Small details make a huge difference, once again!EXPERIENCE SECTIONAfter finishing the “less creative” part of your resume, here comes the interesting one!Though you have seen that there are several key points that can make slight but enormous differences in the introductory as well, this part allows you to use your secret weapon the right way and make HR manages to select YOU!The most common rule regarding this is making it as eye-catching as possible and highlight the most valuable data about yourself.Sometimes you have a candidate with an excellent education but no experience, while on the other hand, you have a candidate with some average level of education but several years of experien ce. Which one gets to be the CHOSEN one?That’s where you and our perfect resume builder actually make the difference.Do you know how they say that everything is a matter of perspective?Well, it’s YOU who defines the perspective and determine how recruiters will evaluate you.Your creativity plus our resume builder equal you as a perfect candidate! Now that you know this simple formula to success wait no more-USE IT! Start with your professional titleSimilar to what we stressed out, naming your profession exactly shows that you are a relevant candidate and reveals some of the important qualities you have for the position.Here you can highlight something that gives the best value to your resume. For example, if you want to point out experience as your wild card:Professional titleJunior Graphic Designer with 6+ years of experience RightProfessional titleExperienced Graphic Designer Wrong Add two or three achievementsNumbers do the magic, did you know that? That’s the detail whic h inevitably catches lots of attention.The trick is that giving a numeric value to something makes it easier to create a precise picture of someone’s achievements, experience, and progress.Of course, don’t push things if they are simply undefinable in terms of numbers, but try to find the way, whenever possible, to express things in figures. Here are several practical examples to show what we aim at:AchievementsManaged a team of 50 peopleCompleted 100+ project over the past 12 monthsIncreased company’s overall productivity by 25% over the past two years RightAchievementsManaged a huge teamCompleted numerous projectsIncreased company’s productivity a lot WrongTo make all your achievements sound even better, you can wrap them up in a convenient formula:“I did X by using Y, which resulted in Z.”This way, you practically encompass all the necessary components and give all the important information in as simplest way as possible. You highlight all the three vital elements- yourself, the action and the achievement. Tailor it to the job offerAs you have probably concluded, it’s all about tailoring and adjusting things here! So, what one has to do prior to uploading resume is reading the job ad carefully (well, duh!).However, what may boost your chances additionally is visiting the company’s website or Linkedin profile, if available.WHY we point this out right here?This investigation, so to say, can give you more than valuable insight into what type of candidate is the company looking for. It’s not about your professional title only, but some other qualities that also play an important role.For example, if you are applying for the position in the company that has plenty of employees, you should point out things such as good communicational skills and the ability to work in a team and cooperate.Use some strong adjectives that will give a particular note to your personality and highlight the qualities you have.It may sound silly, but you need to make your resume sound actionable.So, the adjectives such as well-organized, highly-trained, hard-working, detail-oriented and similar can give a special note to your resume.Those in combination with our extremely useful resume builder can make your dreams come true.GUIDE ON WRITING THE SUMMARY SECTIONHere is the deal- you need to be the shortest possible and sum all the important things in the summary section.Start with “I’m a professional graphic designer with more than (several years of experience)”… This is the part where you need to point out your “up to the challenge” expertize.Call yourself a professional, even though you might not think you are one. Put on that “paper” how long have you been in the game! And not only that but put down the whole education process, as well.Every employer wants to see 3 simple things: expertize, your goal, and confidence. So, give them that.“I have over 6 years of experience in fulfilling various graphic design challenges with ill ustrator, InDesign, or Photoshop. I believe that I will meet your standards, and if in some case I don’t, I will learn super-fast in order to meet those. I’m hungry for knowledge, and looking forward to learning new things and improve my knowledge in the field.”As you can see, this summary sounds pretty confident and professional. That’s all they want to hear.Here are some tips for you:Use the exact number of years in the field.Let them know that you know that you will meet their standards, and if not, that you are a fast learner who’ll catch up easily.Set your goal- to learn more, which often equals to “earn more”.SummaryGraphic designer with 6 years of experience. RightSummarySeveral years of experience. WrongGUIDE ON WRITING THE EXPERIENCE SECTIONThis is where you should list all the segments regarding the relevant experience for the position you are applying for.However, in case you are a candidate who is freshly-graduated seeking for the very first job ever, her e you can list some of the activities where you volunteered or participated and which may be of importance for that job.In case you are a candidate with some experience, use this section to highlight the most important achievements that may help you leave the best impression on a manager looking at your resume.Besides, achievements, you can list the precise positions and responsibilities you had and which contributed to that previous job.Of course, try not to overcrowd your CV by listing unnecessary and obvious information that is already clear. This is the opportunity to focus on your OWN contribution regarding a specific project or team and what was your role in that.Besides this, we have some other useful tricks that may make all those listed information shine even brighter. Here they are: Use the reverse-chronological orderIf you have more than two or three positions, you held in the past, start with the current or most recent one.If you changed your job frequently in the past, and you have numerous positions, then list the most significant ones where your duties and abilities were maximally visible and valuable. Use bullet pointsBig blocks of text are simply boring! NO one likes them and people easily lose attention when reading such stuff.The attention span has drastically decreased (and is going down even more), so using the precious seconds is of vital importance.Bullet points are more than perfect means to organize all the data so that they look transparent and reader-friendly. (As you can see, we are using them as well!)However, don’t go all crazy about them, 5 to 6 is more than enough.Add achievementsHere’s another chance to make your resume shine even brighter. Like we already explained, all the projects, assignments and similar where your contribution was of vital importance are worth including in your resume.This way, you stress out your skills and abilities and how they can be utilized in your future job.Add numbersAgain, the powerful trick with numbers saves the day and helps you organize all the data the best way possible.Like we said, this small yet important detail DOES make a huge difference and help you represent the important facts neatly and easy to read.Add number in Experience sectionCreated 4+ presentations for the team in 2013 RightExperience descriptionCreated several presentations WrongGUIDE ON WRITING THE EDUCATION SECTIONIn this section, you list all the schools, colleges and universities you attended. To give even more precise info about your major, activities, and achievements, including the additional information that will describe these even better.The main details to include here are a field of study, major, name of the university and the highest degree you obtained.If there are some specific achievements of high importance such as extra activities, volunteering, scholarships, records above average and similar- don’t hesitate to add them as well!Of course, it is absolutely not necessary to list information about secondary education, such as high school.The only exception is when this detail is of vital importance for the exact position you are applying for or in case it was something unusual and uncommon that may give some additional value to you as a candidate.When listing the names of colleges or universities, opt for a complete version.Education sectionSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois RightEducation sectionSchool of the Art in Illinois WrongHOW TO PRESENT YOUR DESIGN SKILLS ON YOUR RESUMEThings are getting rather hot here, as you are leveling-up your value as a potential candidate to steal the hearts of recruiters.Skills are where you exhibit your uniqueness the best way possible, as they tell the managers in which fields will your performance be the most visible and of the highest quality.The first ones to list here are naturally the most relevant ones for the job.Since you are a graphic designer, your future employer will want to see which programs are you knowledgeable about.So, Photoshop, InDesign, Illustrator and similar are the ones to list here.However, it’s not just listing those for the sake of listing. If you want recruiters to have a clear insight into your qualities, give them the precise level of your skillfulness:SkillsAdvanced knowledge of Photoshop (advanced tools and options) RightSkillsKnowledge of Photoshop WrongSo, even by simply adding a level (advanced, basic, proficient, intermediate), you will make an enormous difference than when not adding that at all.Here’s the list of all the important (hard) skills for graphic designers that can be included in this section:Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, HTML/CSS, Acrobat, Corel Draw, FreeHand, Sketching, Layout, Typography, Print Design.The other important (soft) skills to be added in the resume:Time management, technology, color theory, creativity, communication, collaboration, leadership, problem-solving, planning and organization, research, taking critici sm and similar.NEXT: LAND THE DESIGN JOB INTERVIEWAs you can see, creating a perfect graphic designer resume is a piece of cake, particularly with the help of our resume builder!So, no need to express your creativity in some unconventional forms such as printing your resume on a T-shirt and sending it to the managers, but use your secret weapon to make wonders in the most common forms of expression-CV!This may come as a shock the managers spend only SIX SECONDS reading your CV, you need to make the layout as recruiter-friendly as possible, and that’s where our resume builder does a perfect job!Moreover, companies also use Applicant tracking systems, which means the system will simply leave out the non-correspondent documents, no matter how creative their layout is.So, the whole point here is using the EXACT words that the system can recognize and accept your resume.Excellent communicator. Frequently worked on large teams.Award-winning signage and branding skills. RightExcellent r esearch skills. Frequently handled big research jobs.Award-winning layout skills. WrongSo, the whole point of writing good (not just good- THE BEST!) CV is attracting the manager’s attention to what YOU can do for the company.By pointing that out in a subtle way, you will conquer the recruiter’s heart without him/her knowing that actually happened. So- give them what THEY want to hear!Make sure all the sections look outperforming but still don’t brag about yourself, even if you PERSONALLY believe that you are the best candidate that has EVER walked the Earth!This brief checklist can help you make sure you did everything as expected:Read the job description carefully and write down all of the skills mentionedWrite down all of your own skills, both hard skills (those related to graphic designer position) and soft skills.See which skills match up (they don’t necessarily have to be exact matches, but you SHOULD use the matching words as we described, so not to be eliminated by the Tracker)Think about how you can SHOW that you have these skills by giving examples instead of simply saying that you have them.So, again you have creativity as your very own secret weapon, we gave you the best platform to express it (our mighty resume builder!) so get down to business.We wish you the best of luck in becoming the selected one! Create your own resume

Descartes s Theory Of Mental And Physical Components Essay

Descartes, a well known philosopher, proposed that the mental and physical components are different things. Considering they are casual connections between the mind and body and the mind and body are two independent substances. I will argue that these premises proposed by Descartes are not reasonable and the theory which best accounts for the â€Å"problem of interaction† is the identity theory. Rene Descartes opposed that the mind was a separate substance from the body which then created the mind-body problem, Under Descartes opposed Cartesian dualism he believed there was other physical substances along with his mind such as his body. He then thought there was two various beings that the universe contains. One being physical substances which would be our body in this case and the second being non-physical which would be our mind. Furthermore, he believed even though the mind and body are two different entities; however there yet still seems to be causal interactions between the two which can typically be explained through the brain. He then proceeds to lay down certain premises which helps him reach the conclusion which is made. The first premise made is that there is existence of the mind, but he cannot argue the same thing about the body. The rejection of the dualism laid down by Descartes is the main causation which leads to the â€Å"problem of interaction† Rene Descartes expanded on the mind-body problem through his philosophical writings by focusing on his dualist views,Show MoreRelatedThe Common Notion Of Minds Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesThe common notion about minds is that they are incredibly simple things that we should easily have the full extent of knowledge on since after all we are constantly using one. It seems completely self-evident as Descartes put it â€Å"I think there for, I am†, that we are a mind and that there is nothing strange going on up there but there is much more to the story here. It’s taken for granted far too much that we have any idea of what a mind is and is not. There are quite a numerous amount of differentRead MoreMind-Body Connection Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pagesconsciousness and the brain. Many throughout history have often wondered what causes the connection between the mental portion of the mind and the physical state of the body. A variety of different topics have been propos ed. Most fall under either the dualist or monist theories. Many philosophers have debated their theories on the mind-body connection to include such philosophers as Descartes and Plato. More recent researchers have moved beyond the dualist conceptions of body and mind towards a unifiedRead MoreFor Descartes And More One Common Dominator Between The1523 Words   |  7 PagesFor Descartes and More one common dominator between the two is the belief that the essence of the body is merely extension. Within the Fifth Meditation, Descartes addresses a premise that results in being the building block to his conception on extension being the essence of bodies. He asserts, we can’t know that physical stuff exists without a doubt considering deception, for instance the dream dilemma presented by Descartes. Hence, how do I know objectively and soundly that my sensory knowledgeRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 Pagesbeen insistently discussed in t he philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryles criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryles criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science by means of what I call the principleRead MoreAn Examination Of Sir William Hamilton s Philosophy, And Of The Principal Philosophical Questions1908 Words   |  8 Pagesjustify our belief that there are other minds beside our own. It is often claimed that the Problem of Other Minds was in fact first introduced by Rene Descartes, his interpretation of minds as separate entities gives rise to not only his problem of mental causation but also the Problem of Other Minds. Descartes theory that dogs cannot have mental states gives rise to the question of how other humans can then have minds if when experiencing pain an animal would act in a similar way to a human beingRead MoreMind And Its Relationship With The Mind1366 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence is its owner. That is; the mind differs from those familiar physical stuffs which can easily be defined in terms of their characteristics. Facing the thorny problem, the debate between dualists and physicalists about the nature of mind and its relationship with the body is becoming intense. In this paper I will maintain that the epiphnomenalism is not â€Å"repugnant†, but rather it is squat and resilient would be the best theory to illustrate the relationship between mind and body. The paper consistsRead MoreRichard Taylor And His Belief Of The Anatta Doctrine Essay2052 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout this entire semester, several theories in regards to the idea of personhood were reviewed and analyzed in detail. After reviewing all the pertinent material, I concluded that Ric hard Taylor and his belief of the Anatta Doctrine were easiest to understand, while also being a philosophical belief that makes most logical sense to me. This concept was supported by the general theory of Buddhism. It was rather difficult to understand past readings by Descartes, for example, because they were so confusingRead MoreThe Mind And The Self Duality2316 Words   |  10 Pagescan be described as a notion that the mind and the body are two separate components. Descartes believed that human beings were made up of â€Å"matter† the physical side of human beings responsible for walking and talking (Alanen, 2003). Then the mind, he said is non-physical (often referred to the soul) which is responsible for thinking and thoughts and even memories (Barker and Morris, 2005). Descartes suggested that the physical body follows the same pattern in everyday living within the norms whichRead MoreBiopsychosocial and Biomedical Model of Health1636 Words   |  7 Pagesabout his or her condition and indirectly influenced, the being’s mental and physical condition. From these interactions with other people and experiences, Hippocrates wrote about health and healing. After him came Claudius Galen, a greek physician who referred to disease causing organisms as the source of diseases and illness. These organisms are today called pathogens – bacteria, virus and other infectious agents, until his theory came into light diseases and illness were viewed as consequencesRead MoreBiopsychosocial and Biomedical Model of Health1648 Words   |  7 Pagesabout his or her condition and indirectly influenced, the being’s mental and physical condition. From these interactions with other people and experiences, Hippocrates wrote about health and healing. After him came Claudius Galen, a greek physician who referred to disease causing organisms as the source of diseases and illness. These organisms are today called pathogens – bacteria, virus and other infectious agents, until his theory came into light diseases and illness were viewed as consequences

The Art Of A Radio Station - 1021 Words

I’ve walked into enough stuffy, fancy art galleries to last a lifetime. Finally, today I was lucky enough to wander into Stellar Gallery in San Marco. The building looks aged out front, with fading print on the overhangs, and various pieces of art displayed in the windows below. The door is simple and opens with a soft chime of bells, giving it a small business, intimate-type feeling when hearing the sound. Once you’re inside, a radio station playing today’s hits, rather than elevator music. Sounds emit softly over the speakers in the main entrance gallery, just loud enough though to be heard throughout the adjoining rooms. The interior is clean enough, no dust or dirt to effect the art pieces scattered around the space. Standing in the main entry, the doorways are decorated in a grand sense with crown molding and Roman style archways over the doorframes. The walls are a soft, pastel green that pair well with the white trim and dark flooring. The color is perfect and doesn’t steal the show from the artwork hanging. The art is displayed in many different ways, in multiple positions and on different surfaces depending on the piece. Paintings and framed work are hung all over the walls, leaned on walls, and some in stacks; occasionally organized by artist, and then some sporadically placed. The sculptures are placed on pedestals and tables scattered throughout the venue, most done by the same local artist, Leeland Brewsaugh. Brewsaugh’s sculptures were all of birds native toShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Radio Station Industry in Nz1300 Words   |  6 Pagesby analyzing Porter’s five forces of radio station industry in New Zealand, we could get the conclusion that four of those five forces have negative influences on the industry, namely the intensity of rivalry, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of buyers, and the bargaining power of suppliers. Only the threat of new entrants has positive influence. Fortunately, ICTs are broadly used in converting the negatives to positives among the radio station industry. And it actually does very wellRead MoreSomething for Nothing: The Art of Rap1032 Words   |  5 Pagesnever been as great as it is in this day and age. Often dismissed by a majority of America as simply a fad, hip hop has become a global phenomenon and has arguably been the most popular form of music for the past three decades. Hip-Hop has influenced art, language, fashion, culture, and sports. This music has been used to teach elementary level children, it has been taught in undergraduate universities and serves as a bridge for hundreds of philanthropies. The influence of Hip-Hop has also been feltRead MoreThe Role Of Social Media On The Children Of The 21st Century1248 Words   |  5 Pagesprocurement or continued possession of cultural objects by nonmembers or culturally distant institutions† (Matthes, 343). It’s important to start asking ourselves where the line needs to be drawn between cultural appropriation and participating in a cultural art form. Fifteen years ago, this argument of cultural appropriation would not have been given as much pull as today. In the era of social media, it has given us a more innate approach to speaking our minds. Most of the newer generation has never heardRead MoreSocial Media And Local Media1112 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ We will start our campaign in the beginning of June till the end of September in 2017. Our main goal is to reach 1000 millennials in the Fort Worth area in those four months. †¢ We’re going to be doing a lot of advertisements throughout radio broadcasting, local news in the DFW area, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. †¢ Our goal is use social media and local media to captivate people attention to our fundraiser. We are also using these types of media because they are a daily use to most peopleRead MoreAnalysis - Astro All Asia Networks597 Words   |  3 Pagespresence in DTH (Direct-To-Home) TV services, commercial radio and TV programming. Astro, the subscription TV service began operations in 1996 with 22 channels and currently broadcasts over 119 pay-TV channels in four major languages across Malaysia and Brunei to more than 2.93 million households. Its state-of the-art digital broadcast facilities at the All Asia Broadcast Centre and at the Cyberjaya multiplex are capable of handling digital TV, radio and data services on satellite and terrestrial broadcastRead MoreThe Impact Of Hearing English For High School Students The Skills Of Radio Programs1747 Words   |  7 Pages This study aims to identify the impact on the evolution of hearing English for high school students the skills of radio programs. 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Dia Beacon opened in what was once a Nabisco box printing factory that they transformed into a museum. In this museum they display Dia’s collection of art projects from the 1960s to today. Dia offers special programs that include gallery talks, events and an education program. Since its establishingRead MoreThe Bad Touch Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesthe radio, I quickly recognized a particular song that I find very amusing. The song is called â€Å"The Bad Touch†, and is performed by a group called the Bloodhound Gang. The song has a very unusual beat and the lyrics are very funny, but the song is very sexually explicit. I continued to listen to the song until it was over. After the song was finished the radio station that I was listening to went to a commercial break, I then quickly changed to a different radio station. The next radio station

Global 1 Review Sheet Free Essays

Global Review Sheet- FINALS * Anthropologist- someone who studies culture * Neolithic revolution agriculture; no more nomads; settlements * River Valley Civilizations (all the civilizations had 2 rivers except for Egypt) * Mesopotamia * Tigris and Euphrates rivers * Egypt * The Nile river * Indus * The Indus and Ganges rivers * China * Huang He and Yangtze rivers * Mesopotamia * Cuneiform * Code of Hammurabi * The laws were the same for all citizens but the punishment were different depending on what social class you belonged to. * Egypt * Hieroglyphics * Pyramids China * Daoism * The Silk Road * The mandate of heaven * Filial piety * Indus * Hinduism * Irrigation * Religion Monotheistic| Judaism(5,000 years old)| Christianity(2012 years old)| Islam(1400 years old)| Place of Worship| Temple| Church| Mosque| Book of Worship| Torah| Bible| Koran| Code of Behavior| 10 commandments| 5 Pillars| * Polytheistic * Hinduism (over 5,00 years old) * Caste system * Reincarnation * Buddhism * Rei ncarnation, karma, dharma * NO CASTE SYSTEM * 8 fold path and nirvana * GREECE *democracy* * Mountains * City states * Cultural diversity * Islands * Trade * Resources Easily invaded * Mediterranean climate * Alexander the Great * Conquered India, Egypt, and Persia (modern Iran) * Cultural diffusion * Helenistic * Greek + Persian * MIDDLE AGES (500 AD)- fall of the roman empire * Very unstable * Feudalistic : to keep order; stable political system * Manorialism * Castle * Church (Roman Catholic Church; in charge of everything; more power than the king) * Farmland (serf worked the land) * CRUSADES (religious wars) * People joined because they were promised that they would go to heaven * Resulted in cultural diffusion * PLAGUE * Killed ? he population of Europe(short term effect) * Broke down feudalism (long) * Ended the middle ages (long) * JAPAN * Archipelago (trade, resources, invasion) * Mountains (terrace farming) * Ring of Fire (afraid of nature shintoism (1 religion that respec ts nature; 2 started with the Ring of Fire and then the Japanese started praying to other things) * European FeudalismJapanese Feudalism * MONGOLIAN EMPIRE (good military, order, flat land=easy travel) * Largest empire * Very accepting of other cultures * Isolated Russia from Europe * Cultural diffusion * **Kublai khan and Marco Polo RENASANCE * Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture * Humanism- when the focus is on the individual * Secularism- non religious * Reasoning- people looked to other things when god was no longer a sufficient answer. Ex)science and questioning religion * AZTEC (Mexico) * Calendar and chinampas * MAYAS (Central America) * Calendar and pyramids * INCAS (Peru) * Machu Pichu * Terrace farming * Roads * TRADE ROUTES * Silk road * Connected China with the Middle East and Europe * The Middle East was the middle man; the only way Europe could get goods from China was through the Middle East and that was pricey. We will write a custom essay sample on Global 1 Review Sheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The silk road carried silk, spices, Buddhism, Confucianism, and caused cultural diffusion, * Trans Sahara Trade * Carried gold, salt, and Islamic religion * Between North and West Africa. * Colombian Exchange * Included Europe and America * To Europe: food * To America: forced Christianity and disease * Triangular Trade * Included Europe, Africa, and America * Africa supplied slaves to work the crops without pay * The slaves were exploited * Atlantic Slave Trade * America and Africa * PROTESTANT REFORMATION * Martin Luther- 95 theses- complaints to church- pope said that he won’t change- Lutheran How to cite Global 1 Review Sheet, Papers

Russia And The Cis Essays - International Relations,

Russia And The Cis When the Soviet Union fell in 1991, due to many pressures both internal and external, the ex-soviet satellites were given their independence, much to Russia's dismay. A new trend towards sovereignty made it difficult for the largest country in the world to deny it's former members the right to separate. However, even with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Russia is still heavily involved with the matters of its former soviet members. This then leaves the question, are those former states truly sovereign? In the following pages we will examine the many reasons as to why this question is currently being posed. Firstly, we will look at Russia's history on the international scene and how they have not really changed their agenda throughout the last century, up into the present. Along with the brief history, we shall elaborate on the reasons why the CIS was founded. Furthermore, modern day Russia seems to feel the need to impose itself upon these new sovereign states for various reasons that we will elaborate upon. Lastly, the members of the CIS see Russia as both a friend and foe to the organisation, which will be shown by looking at their interests and why they have divided views. However, to fully understand the complexities that are the Russian Empire, let us take a step back in time to when Peter the Great was building a country of grandeur. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great continued the expansion set forth by his predecessors, and fought a long war against the seasoned Swedish army. With the final defeat of their army, Peter gained control of several small countries, Latvia, Lithuania, Ingria and Estonia. Upon his return from the war the Russian senate voted that he bear the title of the Great and Emperor, his acceptance of the last title marked the official inauguration of the Russian Empire. Peter the Great continued to fight wars in hopes of expanding Russia's borders and its economy, regardless of cost, which eventually led to mistrust within the empire. Russia was indeed a world power, influencing and controlling its neighbours. Having built such a vast empire was only part of Peter's public appeal, he was a very ruthless but enlightened leader, the kind that appealed to the Russian people. In one of the bloodier cases, he had 1000 members of a coup d'?tat assassinated, a punishment that he himself helped administer. Upon his death, many school children were then raised to see Peter as a hero, and a model leader. Perhaps then it is not so surprising that in the decades to follow, his accepted ruthlessness would be passed down into the next generations of leaders, this time having stricter doctrines within the regimes. As Karl Marx's ideas of socialism spread across a desperate nation several men stepped forward to end the oppression and starvation of their beloved country. The Russian revolution in 1917 seemed to be a refreshing change compared to the imperialism of the old regime and so countries such as Ukraine, Poland and Belarus joined willingly, hoping to find guidance for their country. Regardless of the many positive changes in the late 1920's, Joseph Stalin gained sole control of the Soviet Union and was more or less as ruthless as Peter the great himself. He began expanding and militarising the union, putting the state above each and every man. In the Ukraine, profitable farms were condensed into collective farms hoping to support industrialisation, and as a result there was a great famine and an estimated 5 to 7 million Ukrainians died. Even in Ukraine's darker period, because of their many natural resources, they were still considered very important to the Soviet Empire, almost its back bone. The Ukraine was not the only country to be used by the Soviets. Since the USSR spanned eight time zones, the land occupied was enormous; in fact it was the largest in the world. With such diverse landscapes there came many different natural resources which were used to feed and house the population of the Soviet Union as well as push the economy forward with its exports. The trees blanketing one-third of the Soviet Union constituted more than one-quarter of the

Difference between communism and socialism essays

Difference between communism and socialism essays The history of Communism started with one man Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Communism is a system of government in which resources and production facilities are the property of the entire society rather than individuals. In a communist society, Labor is shared equally and the benefits of labor are distributed according to need. Under such a System, All people would be equal, without class. Although the basic idea of communism has existed since the time of Plato, modern communism is identified with the system of government described by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels in the "Communist Manifest". They believe that capitalistic systems, in which the rich upper class prospered through the exploitation of the powerless lower class, were bound to destroy themselves. At this point, the poor would rebel against their former oppressors and form classless society. Russian Revolution of 1917, series of events in imperial Russia that culminated in 1917 with the establishment of the Soviet state that becam e known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The two successful revolutions of 1917 are referred to collectively as the Russian Revolution. The first revolution overthrew the autocratic imperial monarchy. It began with a revolt on February 23 to 27, 1917, The second revolution, which opened with the armed insurrection of October 24 and 25, organized by the Bolshevik Party against the Provisional Government, effected a change in all economic, political, and social relationships in Russian society; it is often designated the Bolshevik, or October, Revolution. The causes of the Russian Revolution are rooted deep in Russia's history. For centuries, autocratic and repressive czarist regimes ruled the country and most of the population lived under severe economic and social conditions. During the 19th century and early 20th century various movements aimed at overthrowing the oppressive government were staged at different times by students, w...

Habits and Traits of Stoneflies, Order Plecoptera

Habits and Traits of Stoneflies, Order Plecoptera Aquatic stonefly nymphs live only in cool, clean streams, and are an important bioindicator of good water quality. Stoneflies belong to the order Plecoptera, which comes from the Greek for twisted wings. Description Adult stoneflies are fairly drab insects, with flattened, soft bodies. They hold their wings flat over the bodies when at rest. Stonefly adults have long, threadlike antennae, and a pair of cerci extends from the abdomen. Stoneflies have two compound eyes and three simple eyes and chewing mouthparts, though not all species feed as adults. Stoneflies fly poorly, so they dont stray far from the stream where they lived as nymphs. Adults are short-lived. Stoneflies exhibit unusual courtship behavior. The males drum their abdomens on a substrate to send an acoustic signal to potential female mates. A receptive female drums her response. The pair will continue to drum to each other, gradually moving closer and closer until they meet, and mate. After mating, females deposit their eggs in the water. Stonefly nymphs develop slowly, taking 1 to 3 years to molt repeatedly before emerging as adults. Stoneflies are so named because the nymphs often live under stones in streams or rivers. They feed on a variety of plant and animal matter, both dead and living, depending on the species and age of the nymph. Habitat and Distribution As nymphs, stoneflies inhabit cold, fast-flowing streams in pristine condition. Adult stoneflies are terrestrial but tend to stay close to the streams from which they emerge. Worldwide, entomologists identify about 2,000 stonefly species, about a third of which live in the U.S. and Canada. Major Families in the Order Family Perlidae - common stonefliesFamily Leuctridae - rolled-winged stonefliesFamily Taeniopterygidae - winter stonefliesFamily Nemouridae - spring stoneflies Families and Genera of Interest Adult stoneflies in the subfamily Isoperlinae appear to be pollen feeders.Female Pteronarcys dorsata stoneflies measure as much as 55 cm in length.Nymphs of the family Peltoperlidae resemble cockroaches.The Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly, Capnia lacustra, spends its entire life cycle (even as an adult) deep within Lake Tahoe. It is an endemic species to Lake Tahoe. Sources Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, Charles A. Triplehorn, and Norman F. Johnson.Order Plecoptera - Stoneflies, Bugguide.net. Accessed online February 15, 2011.Guide to Aquatic Insects and Crustaceans, Izaak Walton League of America.

Long-Term Isolation in Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Long-Term Isolation in Prison - Essay Example In fact, because those who impose the torture, prison officials, correction officers, and the lawyers who defend them in court, do not discuss it in any meaningful way. They do not release statistics about how many prisoners are kept isolated from the rest of the prison population, and they appeal any verdicts that say that solitary confinement is cruel and unusual punishment. Yet, how something that can cause the same amount of physical damage as being hit in the head hard enough to change one’s brain function, like as little as two weeks of solitary confinement does, can be called anything but torture is beyond reason to most people. This widespread and uniquely cruel form of torture goes by several different names. Among them are solitary confinement, segregation or â€Å"SAMs† (i.e. Special Administrative Measures) established â€Å"in 1996 for gang leaders and other crime bosses with demonstrated reach in cases of ‘substantial risk that an inmate's communica tion or contacts with persons could result in death or serious bodily injury to persons’" (Theoharis). Perhaps no one speaks of solitary confinement in terms of inhumane torture because they believe it is used just for the worst of the worst, the gang leaders and crime bosses, and since September 11, 2001, terrorists. Cool Hand Luke was thrown in â€Å"the hole† for defying the prison camp’s rules, and most people’s concept of solitary confinement matches what was portrayed in that movie and others like it. Most people believe solitary confinement is a place for inmates who violate prison rules. And, to be fair, it is. There are not a lot of freedoms to restrict or privileges to take away from a prisoner who has already had most of his/her rights removed through incarceration. Maybe though it is just easier not to think of such things. After all, if one is not a criminal, one never has to worry about spending 23 hours a day in a cinder block cell with no television, radio, or newspapers. Not even a deck of playing cards are allowed. Books are and usually, inmates in solitary confinement can write letters to one family member once a week, although the rules on that vary. Some inmates in segregated units—another more sterile name for solitary confinement—can have visitors; some cannot. They can leave their cell for one hour a day to exercise or shower, and all that activity is watched by guards via monitoring devices. These are not conditions most people see as humane even for criminals convicted of heinous crimes, but what should be done with prisoners who cannot get along with other prisoners, who incite violence or are caught with contraband in their cells? Solitary confinement seems like the only alternative. That is why it is surprising to some to learn that many prisoners kept in segregation are not violent, have not broken any rules, and are not being punished per se. Miki Ann DiMarco, a transsexual female incarce rated before the transformational surgeries were completed spent fourteen months in protective segregation in Wyoming Women’s Center. Because DiMarco still had some male genitalia, prison officials thought it best to keep her out of the general prison population for fear that she would be harassed.

Explain the role of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause Essay

Explain the role of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause regarding confessions - Essay Example A house refers to any structure that an individual’s uses as their residence. It may on a long-term basis such as a residential home or on a short-term basis such as a hotel. Other structures that are connected to a house such as a garage and a store also fall under this category in the Fourth Amendment but an open field that surrounds the house is out of this scope. Papers refer to an individual’s personal documents such as business records, diaries, letters, and certificates. On the other hand, effects refer to the other items that are not persons, houses, or papers. This may include weapons, contraband goods, clothing, and luggage. Almost all items fall under the Fourth Amendment but what is essential is the determination of whether their search or seizure is reasonable. In analyzing the role of the Fourth Amendment, it is critical to determine the police activities that trigger the protection of the Fourth Amendment. It is also essential to justify the reasons behind the police officers engaging in these activities. A search is referred to as an activity that is conducted with the intention of finding evidence to be used for criminal prosecution. When conducting a search, there should be concern whether the search is a product of a government action. There should also be concerns whether it violates the reasonable expectation of a person’s right to privacy. The term seizure usually refers to the keeping of custody of a property to be used as evidence in a criminal procedure. It commonly occurs because of a search. The Fourth Amendment focuses on the reasonableness of the search and seizures. It determines if the police were working along with its requirements. According to the Fourth Amendment, not every action of looking for evidence is referred to as a search. A search depends on who is looking for the evidence as well as where it occurs. Therefore, a

Mirrors Don’t Lie in Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.s The Lie Essay -- Kurt Vonne

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.'s The Lie - Mirrors Don’t Lie In The Lie by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Eli Remenzel is a thirteen-year-old boy on his way to The Whitehill Preparatory School with his parents.   Little do they know that Eli is keeping a big secret from them: he didn’t get accepted to the school.   As the story unfolds Eli finally cracks under the pressure of the lie as the headmaster informs his parents that he wasn’t accepted at Whitehill.   What happens next is a disaster.   As I was reading the story I noticed a lot of qualities in the different characters that are traits I see in myself.   Eli, his mother Sylvia, and his father Doctor Remenzel all have different characteristics that reflect me.   These characteristics are what blend together to make me a unique individual. First I’ll focus on the similarities between Eli and myself. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. writes, â€Å"Eli sat up again, but began to slump almost immediately (†¦) hoping to die or disappear.†Ã‚   This was written while Eli kept the secret from his parents. As I reread the passage I disliked the way Eli decided to handle his secret. Instead of coming right out and telling his parents what the problem was, he ignored it, and every mile they drove it became bigger and harder to hold in. Notice the word slump in the above passage from the story.   This was the first thing to pop out at me indicating our similarity, because the word creates a vivid picture of myself when I am in similar situations. I felt Eli’s frustration building, and I realized I handle problems with my family in the same way.   My parents never have the same reaction to a problem, so I’m always scared that they’ll be angry or disappointed in me. This causes me to do exact... ...tor Rememzel, I accomplished nothing embarrassed myself, yet the next time I was unhappy I would repeat my actions over again. I no longer throw temper tantrums, but I do speak before I think and often say and do things that I do not mean. Unlike the other previously mentioned faults, I am quite aware of this one, and I recognized the similarities between Doctor Remenzel and myself right away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, I disliked The Lie, because the characters in it exemplify the worst qualities in myself.   Whether it’s not being honest with my family, being self-absorbed, or my uncontrollable temper, I cannot like characters that possess these traits because I hate these traits within myself. Reading about the characters is like looking into a mirror, and like the title says, mirrors don’t lie.   

Transforming the Influence of the Media on our Lives

Our goal in this publication is to help our readers lay a foundation for transforming the influence of the media on their lives. It is in all of our interests to critically assess, rather than mindlessly accept, news media pronouncements. Our hope is that we can aid readers to become more independent, insightful, and critical in responding to the content of news media messages and storiesIf objectivity or fairness in the construction of news stories is thought of as equivalent to presenting all the facts and only the facts (â€Å"All the news that’s fit to print†), objectivity and fairness is an illusion.No human knows more than a small percentage of the facts and it is not possible to present all the facts (even if one did know them). It isn’t even possible to present all the important facts, for many criteria compete for determining what is â€Å"impor- tant. †We must therefore always ask,â€Å"What has been left out of this article? †Ã¢â‚¬Å"What would I think if different facts had been highlighted here? †Ã¢â‚¬Å"What if this article had been written by those who hold a point of view opposite to the one embedded in the story as told?†For example, people commonly consider facts to be important to the extent that they have significant implications for them personally: Is any given event going to affect what they want, how much is it going to cost them, how is it going to influence their income, their living conditions, their leisure, their convenience? How some given event is going to affect others, especially others far away and out of sight, is quite another matter. There is therefore a large divergence among the news media of the world as to what is presented as â€Å"significant† in the world.

The Atomic Bomb - 1719 Words

The Atomic Bomb Albert Einstein predicted that mass could be converted into energy. This was the basis for the atomic bomb. Throughout this research paper, I will trace the history of the atomic bomb. In addition, who was involved and why, what happened in this event, and explain the impact that it had on the world. After Einstein predicted, that mass could be converted into energy. This was confirmed experimentally by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. â€Å"Physicists from 1939 onward conducted much research to find answers to questions as how many neutrons were emitted in each fission and which elements would not capture the neutrons but would moderate or reduce the velocity† (Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia The Atomic Bomb Mar.99†¦show more content†¦This was critical to the making of the atom bomb. He joined the Manhattan Project as an overseer to the scientists and a consultant to them as well. Enrico passed away in November of 1954. If it was not for this man, I believe that the atom bomb would not have been successful. He held an essential position in the â€Å"Manhattan Project† Joseph C. Carter was born on September 28, 1910. He went to the United States Naval Academy and at age 18, he went to Columbia. At Columbia, he worked under General Leslie Groves. Carter and others constructed a pilot version of the atomic bomb. He and others were major assets to the Manhattan Project. Neils Bohr was born in 1885 in Denmark. He went to the University of Copenhagen where he studied physics. In 1911 he got his Ph.D. Neils presented the fact that the fission chain reaction need u-235 to be possible. He fled and went to America to work on the Manhattan Project. Bohr wanted people to know that the effects of nuclear bombs were good and bad. He asked the UN to rid themselves of nuclear weapon Projects. He later died in November 1962. General Groves bought land in Oakridge, Tennessee. This is where he had Oppenhemier start work on the Atomic bomb. The majority of the planning took place in Manhattan. That is where the research was done, and things were designed. Oakridge is where they made the main material, U-235 and PU-239 was manufactured. In Los Alamos, New Mexico was the place ofShow MoreRelatedThe First Lightning: The First Russian Nuclear Atomic Bomb1060 Words   |  5 Pages29,1949 the first nuclear atomic bomb was dropped known as the â€Å"First Lighting.† It was dropped on the testing site in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. This nuclear bomb was produced by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) also known as the Soviet Union. Igor Kurchatov was the director of the scientific soviet nuclear bomb program. There were two practice rounds two weeks prior to the explosion. During these two weeks period the Special Committee on the atomic bomb sent Lavrentii Beria toRead MoreAtomic And Nuclear Bomb : Atomic Bomb980 Words   |  4 Pages Atomic/Nuclear bomb The atomic bomb ended WWII when the United States dropped Fat Man and Little Boy on the japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This is what started the arms race known as the Cold War between the United States and Russia, the two major world superpowers left after WWII. The effects of the massive arms race between the two countries still to this day affect every citizen in the world due to the fact so many weapons of mass destruction were made some were even lost. AlongRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1094 Words   |  5 PagesScientists have always strived for knowledge. With knowledge comes more power and understanding. There are many scientists and nations that can be accredited to helping create the atomic bomb. The idea of the atomic bomb with atoms and fission was not conceived overnight. The scientist from Ernest Rutherford who is from New Zealand to German, British, Japanese, and other scientist from across the globe all contributed to nuclear physics and research on the atom. Most who worked on the famous ManhattanRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1214 Words   |  5 Pagessurviving an atomic bomb is a perfect example of surviving.. A man with a miracle on his side. His story became famous throughout the world. This man had the courage to tell his story to the world. Surviving the two atomic bombs is not a small thing to comprehend. Therefore, it would take a man who had the courage and integrity to survive it all. On August 9, 1945, the B-29 bomber wedged through the clouds in a Japanese city of Nagasaki that unleashed a 22-kiloton plutonium bomb known as â€Å"FatRead MoreAtomic Bomb : The Birth Of The Atomic Bombs2008 Words   |  9 PagesThe Atomic Bomb The birth of the Atomic bombs was during WWII, when the nations around the world were fighting against each other, due to disagreements between one another. At the beginning of the war, America was at a stalemate because they did not want to get involved in the war. Even though they were not involved in the war they were helping friendly allies with food supplies and ammunition. And then there was island to the east of the Korean peninsula, also known as Japan, who suddenly decidedRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb2530 Words   |  11 PagesThe beginnings of the Nuclear Age started when Albert Einstein wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt warning him of a dangerous weapon the Nazis had begun researching, known as the atomic bomb. (1) Though, when President Roosevelt first read this letter, he was too preoccupied with events in Europe to be bothered with such ideas. He at the time did not take the creation of such weapon to seriously, nor did he believe America had the resources for such a task. (2) Finally, on October 19, 1939 PresidentRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Essay4475 Words   |  18 Pages/memoirs; suggest that the atomic bomb was a brilliant military move to cease the war or was it an excuse to impress the Soviets? ï‚ § There were even lots of evidence that were drawn from, memos, affidavits, letters, diaries, and discussions, at the White House, and later at the Potsdam conference that led up to President Truman deciding whether to use the atomic bomb. ï‚ § Some scholars today have even conferred on the facts that Truman and that the military feared that if a bomb of destruction got intoRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1584 Words   |  7 Pagesthe choice to drop the atomic bomb or to attempt more land invasions was a choice that shaped the outcome of the war. There were major influences and side effects from the dropping of the atomic bomb and what it did to the country of Japan. Having the option and the weight of the moral decision weighing on Truman’s shoulders about what decision should be made, he was the only one who was capable of making the decision that shaped the outcome of the war. Having dropped the bomb on Japan, as a statementRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs910 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 20th century, specifically the year 1945, the United States of America had two atomic bombs that the commander and chief, and president at the time, Harry Truman, knew about. President Truman plan was to drop the bombs on two of Jap ans cities, Hiroshima first and then Nagasaki. Truman’s plans went accordingly, which to this day leads to a very controversial topic on whether or not dropping the atomic bombs was a good or bad thing. There is evidence and reasoning to back up both claims, inRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb1470 Words   |  6 Pagesover 70 years since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, they remain controversial as conscientious struggle with the ethics of using such weaponry in the course of armed conflict. President Truman had a number of options apart from the atomic bomb. He could have left the invasion of Japan to the Russians, whom wanted revenge for the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, as well as the more recent conflict in Manchuria (Goldman, 2012). The dropping of the atomic bombs must have shocked many who

Facts About the Prehistoric Xilousuchus

Originally classified as a proterosuchid (and thus a close relative of the contemporary Proterosuchus) a recent analysis has located Xilousuchus much closer to the root of the archosaur family tree (the archosaurs were the family of early Triassic reptiles that gave rise to dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodiles). The significance of Xilousuchus is that it dates to the very beginning of the Triassic period, about 250 million years ago, and it seems to have been one of the earliest crocodilian archosaurs, a hint that these ruling lizards split off into prehistoric crocodiles and the ancestors of the first dinosaurs (and thus of the first birds) much earlier than had previously been thought. By the way, the Asian Xilousuchus was closely related to another sailed archosaur of North America, Arizonasaurus. Why did the cat-sized Xilousuchus  have a sail on its back? The most likely explanation is sexual selection; perhaps Xilousuchus males with bigger sails were more attractive to females during mating season, or perhaps the sail fooled predators into thinking that Xilousuchus was bigger than it was, thus sparing it from being eaten. Given its small size, though, its very unlikely that the sail of Xilousuchus served any temperate-regulation function; thats a more likely hypothesis for 500-pound reptiles like Dimetrodon, which needed to heat up quickly during the day and dissipate excess heat at night. Whatever the case, the lack of any sailed crocodiles in the later fossil record hints that this structure wasnt crucial for the survival of this widespread family. Fast Facts About  Xilousuchus   Name:  Xilousuchus (Greek for Xilou crocodile); pronounced ZEE-loo-SOO-kussHabitat:  Swamps of eastern AsiaHistorical Period:  Early Triassic (250 million years ago)Size and Weight:  About three feet long and 5 to 10 poundsDiet:  Small animalsDistinguishing Characteristics:  Small size; sail on back

Is It Really All About Race Essay - 1142 Words

As an American, I have noticed that race is a contributing factor to how the justice system treats many Americans. For example â€Å"African Americans are arrested for drug offenses at rates 2 to 11 times higher than the rate for whites† according to a 2009 report on disparity in drug arrests by Human Rights Watch. This semester I want to further examine how all races, White,†(A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa)†Black or African American, â€Å"(A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa)†American Indian or Alaska Native,† (A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America)†Asian,†(A person having origins in any of†¦show more content†¦It can ruin a person’s reputation, and it occurs more often to certain races like Blacks and Hispanics. Growing up as an African American child I was never affected by racial discrimination. I grew in up the suburbs of south Florida and had many friends of all races. As a child, I was raised to judge people by who they are and what they do rather than on the color of their skin. However, when I moved and began high school in a different state I started to notice that many of the students, professors, and even local officers were, for lack of a better word, racist to not only African-Americans but also Hispanics and Middle Easterners. One example of this is the Trayvon Martin case where in the end a man who was clearly guilty was acquitted because of the fact that the suspect who he killed, Trayvon, might have been a â€Å"17 year old undisciplined punk thug† who was putting Zimmerman’s life in â€Å"danger†(Qtd from Sundance). It hurt me to see that as a world we have not learned from our past mistakes. 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How Does Knowledge Management Influence Innovation and Competitiveness Free Essays

How does knowledge management influence innovation and competitiveness? The Authors Alberto Carneiro, Alberto Carneiro is Assistant Professor in the Polytechnic College at the University of Lisbon, Portugal. Abstract Is concerned with human value management, examines the relationships between organizations’ competitiveness, innovation advancements, and knowledge management and presents a set of considerations regarding how these relationships affect strategic management and the formulation of competitive strategies. By considering how knowledge development is related with personal characteristics and personal development, this study review attempts to provide useful insights on the linkages between innovation and competitiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Knowledge Management Influence Innovation and Competitiveness? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These considerations point out the importance of knowledge development and the role of knowledge management in order to assure competitiveness. This work proposes also a conceptual model, with special focus on the relationships between knowledge management, competitiveness, and innovation. The major factors are presented and directions for future research are suggested according to the proposed model. Introduction Management is increasingly aware that knowledge resources are essential to the development of their organizations. Nowadays, the knowledge and the information technology (IT) are critical success factors for strategic formulation. Critical success factors refer to those managerial and organizational constructs that need to be effectively addressed in order to further the likelihood of implementation success. Since industry attractiveness depends on those factors, strategies and their implementation should be supported by a set of informational data and a knowledge development process. Knowledge is becoming progressively more useful because management is taking into account the value of creativity, which enables the transformation of one form of knowledge to the next. The perception of the existing relationships among several systems elements leads to new interpretations and this means another knowledge level where a new perceived value is generated. This relationship indicates that the innovation highway depends on the knowledge evolution. On the other hand, all the technologies that are present in the activities of the chain value have to be articulated and assisted by an efficient knowledge level. Some of the knowledge involved in the use and improvement of technologies can be written down in detail in procedures manuals and use instructions. Others are tacitly transmitted and learned through practical knowledge. Moreover, the success of technological modifications needs to be supported by more clarified and enhanced knowledge. With but few exceptions, most firms have had difficulty in developing a viable strategic knowledge system. There are manifold reasons for this, but certainly a major one is the omnibus nature of the sources required. Knowledge may flow into the organization in a continuous but unsystematic manner, probably because the amount of information processing resources varies by level of management activity. The lack of specific system objectives inevitably led to a data bank of enormous magnitude. It is necessary to consider the structure of such a system and to implement it, in accordance with the organizational functions that use information to realize activities and to decide. Considering the need to increase managers’ concerns, this work sustains that a set of factors is dramatically useful to justify the relationship between innovation process, competitive advancements and a strategic knowledge management (KM). First, it presents a brief review of the relevant literature on the role of knowledge in the management processes. Second, and in a modelization perspective, we will discuss the relationships among these factors to suggest a better way to deal with human value, to improve KM, and to attain a higher level of competencies. Finally, this article discusses the implications of KM on innovation and competitiveness and presents suggestions for future research. Knowledge: an organizational asset What kind of knowledge should organizations develop? Organizations need to use adequate information to check the status of business activities as well as to make informed business decisions (Martin et al. , 1998). According to their tasks, managers must have the adequate information and the ability to analyze and evaluate alternatives in the light of the goal sought. This information comes from different internal and external sources and their credibility is crucial to provide an adequate knowledge (Joyce, 1993). Managers have to consider that the most valuable human attributes should be developed because they are one of the most important assets of many corporations. To do so, they need to adopt a new KM philosophy, based on search of information and innovative efforts. In this philosophy, managers should distinguish between different levels of knowledge. Initially, everybody can be aware of various facts and use data coming from those sources. This means that knowledge is reduced to a basic level, although each individual already has a professional understanding of his/her role in the organization. In the next phase, knowledge tends to specialization. The knowledge level and the fields of specialization will increasingly be taken as standards to measure the companies’ value of their assets. However, without being stimulated, it may stay in a static relation within functional areas, although tasks are performed in a qualified manner. If management is interested in knowledge development, it is necessary to consider that knowledge workers should be included in a dynamic process. This process demands the support of motivation, creativity and the ability to improve an intellectual and comprehensive vision of the relationship between the organization and its environment. Management should differentiate these levels, because the core of the decision-making process could be severely damaged if they were intended as similar. In fact, knowledge workers (strategists, engineers, technicians, researchers, etc. ) are able to offer insights in what concerns problems and/or new situations. In an upper level they can also contribute drastically to include more evident values into the company’s offering in order to generate the client’s preferences. Knowledge workers are the core intellectual competence of many firms. In fact, they dominate their expertise fields and, for example, they know how to optimise the systems software that is relevant to strategic decisions. Knowledge workers create most of the value in some industries. The benefits are immediately visible in some innovative industries, such as software, pharmaceutical, health care, financial services, communications, and consulting. That is, knowledge influences competitiveness. At this moment, it is necessary to underline a question: can knowledge be seen as a specific value for the organization or is management only using the employees’ brain capacities in a very innocent manner, because they are human resources? In the past, the returns on investment came predominantly from physical assets like physical products and equipment. Today, knowledge is the main source of another type of assets: intellectual assets. Knowledge levels can be an asset only if they are enhanced and efficiently used. Being so, managers must purposely organize, motivate and control the development of their knowledge workers. These ones are able to provide new solutions in the complex network of organization-client relationships. Owing to technologies, materials, and competitiveness, several industries find themselves in complex scenarios. Knowledge is not the solution, but, in the near future, the intellectual capital will be required to deal with this complexity, and to support innovation and creativity (Brooking, 1996). Usually and specially in the context of dynamic industries, higher knowledge levels live near a frequent dissatisfaction and the capacity of questioning what seems to be already understood. The need of search is one of the consequences. In various industries, the search activities can lead to new products and to innovative processes. Undoubtedly, the increasing complexity of research militates in favor of formal institutions like universities and government laboratories. Nevertheless, if KM is able to stimulate and support their commitment, individual innovators may have an important role in the changing process. Moreover, research activities in the business sector tend to be integrated within manufacturing firms (Mowery, 1983) and they can propose incremental innovation. Considering their missions and strategic objectives, organizations have to define what kind of knowledge will be more important to take care of. Managers should develop the ability to stimulate knowledge workers in order to obtain better effective levels in what concerns the analysis of target markets, technological innovations, and economic trends. Knowledge and information technology Data and information are used for a variety of purposes in organizations, namely for improving the possibility of increasing knowledge potential. Some information is simply data obtained from the database in its initial stage, which is mainly supported by internal documentation and tacit knowledge. Sophisticated or specific information is included in a management information system. Based on various subsystems of information, KM may use many combinations of factors in accordance with the database system and data that are provided by the users (DeSanctis and Gallupe, 1985). In general, firms’ search for information can be viewed as part of a process, through which an organization adapts to its external environment in order to survive and to become more competitive. Particularly, organizations look for information about specific activities, such as the purchase of new equipment and launching of new products, to obtain benefits of improved final decisions. Information requirements depend on the nature of each situation and on the need to formulate competitive strategies (Wetherbe, 1991). Building effective information systems is a very important challenge that managers are facing today, but it is necessary to pay attention to the need of comprehensive information systems architecture. A firm and its managers use a variety of approaches to combine, sort, and process the environmental data to produce timely and relevant information for forming, monitoring, evaluating, and modifying strategy. This variety should reach a high integration level in order to be possible to obtain a strategic information system. Knowledge professionals do have a decisive role in this integrative task. Summarizing, aggregating, comparing, or combining various sets of data collected in the environment and from competitors and customers produces other information sets, which are used, for example, to measure performance and report on the financial health of the organization. Knowledge workers are often exposed to incomplete information on new events and modifications, but they also have the option to search for additional information in order to update their knowledge levels (Ozanne et al. 1992; Burke, 1990). KM is also a question of cultural way of operating in the market. To enable this culture to prevail, IT is needed. Nowadays, IT is assuming a decisive role in KM and is one of the most important tools, which is used to decide, to fight competitors, and to catch target markets. In fact, adequate software can capture and distribute to knowledge workers all the useful information the company has stored over t ime. Taking this operation as a training process, knowledge workers can integrate several types of data and try to find new solutions for their problem tasks. This is true because they can use information about clients and competitors, technical databases, decision support systems, management models, successful solutions to competitive situations, and access to specialized sources of knowledge. Understanding, interpretation, and the use of IT may enable a possible competitive advantage to be identified and obtained. These three aspects cannot be done without specific and organized knowledge of the relationships among hardware, software, processes, and required results. In fact, some equipment replaces human command-and-control procedures, but knowledge advances have o be used to optimize this equipment utilization. Knowledge workers have adequate qualifications to communicate the information that is needed. Information sharing is a very usual practice. However, some of them avoid this communication flow, because they are not able to see the organization as a system, where the global objectives should be accepted as a common value. In some organizations, information sharing should be stimulated, because it is one of the most important tools of creativity and, moreover, intellectual assets, unlike physical assets, increase in value with use. Knowledge management: some guidelines Management has to analyze in the right time all the environmental elements because they affect the organization performance. Managers must intend to come to the best solution by selecting the alternative that best satisfies goal achievement. The main role of environmental analysis is to detect, monitor, and analyze those current and potential trends and events that will create opportunities or threats to the organization. A number of companies have developed effective means of learning about their environments and, most importantly, have implemented strategic decision systems which allow them to capitalize on opportunities and to defend themselves against threats. These analyses and systems are based on IT and KM. KM improves the conditions for strategic action by way of appreciating and treating problems and challenges by the company. Strategically, the success of most management decisions depends also on a competitive effort, which includes a deep knowledge of customers’ attitudes and an adequate analysis of the stronger competitors (Curren et al. 1992). This means that managers must learn: weaknesses, strengths and movements of their direct competitors; and how their customers perceive their products. Finally, all these findings should be integrated into a management information system. Managers should become aware that the great challenge is settled on the efforts to innovate, to exploit te chnological advances, competitors’ failures, industry opportunities, and the investment in knowledge processes and knowledge workers. In fact, knowledge and knowledge workers can be interpreted as a company’s intellectual capital, and also as a key factor to its sustainable development. According to Kao (1996), some companies are already able to carry out internal knowledge audits in order to quantify the innovative effort for competitive advantage. Most of the times, the intellectual capital is not well recognized and remains largely hidden from the view of financial analysts and executives alike. As a consequence, it is undermanaged. This means that its potential is not entirely used. Top management should focus their attention on these situations because the intellectual capitals of their companies and innovation infrastructure are one of the real sources of future competitiveness (Leonard-Barton, 1995). It is well known that managers have to face uncertainty, that is, they must make decisions under uncertain conditions, often before all the required data are in. Today, managers must be able to embed more knowledge-value in their decisions. Doing so, they will become much more prepared to come out with a new improved and even better alternative before their competitors. Knowledge workers may help in these situations. In fact, they are adequately able to deal with information and present hypotheses and proposals. Therefore, they can have an efficient role in the reduction of uncertainty. This point of view demands new directions of KM. To stimulate the development of creative skills, management should point out some directions to the most important knowledge workers: †¢to be able to define objectives of each task in a systemic network in order to share knowledge and available information with others; †¢to increase the level of individual commitment; †¢to be entirely aware of the amount of resources (equipment, software, materials, assistance) that they are going to need; and †¢to ask for answers, creativity, and innovative solutions. Management needs to show some interest in the intellectual capital, the crucial importance of creativity, the need to sustain a constant flow of innovation, and the new concept of learning organization. Competitiveness and knowledge management Knowledge and the formulation of competitive strategies The success of a strategy depends also on a co-ordinated resources management. Resources may be divided into two groups: physical resources (money, equipment, materials, facilities, and time) and conceptual resources (data, information, and knowledge). Managers have to decide how available resources will be distributed throughout their organizations. In fact, the organizational context calls for or demands certain decisions and results. Being a manner of finding a solution for a problem or formulating a strategy to achieve the objectives previously defined, every decision should be based on: an integrated set of information; the knowledge skills of human resources. In what concerns dynamic organizations, KM is a valuable strategic tool, because it can be a key resource for decision making, mainly for the formulation of alternative strategies. KM should be able to combine innovation efforts, updated IT, and knowledge development in order to achieve a set of capabilities to increase competitiveness. In fact, when this combination is adequately managed, the company can formulate competitive strategies, which integrate innovative products and new technological weapons to face its competitors. Management decision is a very complex process whose evolution integrates several stages. The first step in solving a decision problem is its formulation. In a practical perspective, defining its boundaries and critical components depends on information resources. The analysis of input data needs also a complete and updated understanding of several realities and the capability to find relationships among them. Further, the decisionmaker is able to predict the outcomes because they result from each available alternative. These stages are always based on data, which need to be organized in order to be useful; that is, every management decision must be supported by a set of information because of each situation, the context where it is occurring, and the organization objectives achievement. In a fast-changing environment, the competitive advantage of many companies is based on the decision to exploit, to develop the power of knowledge development. That is why some corporations try to provide opportunities for personal and professional development and are seeing that they should stimulate knowledge development to formulate competitive strategies. To find out and exploit opportunities, companies need to establish the main orientations of KM in order to enlarge their growing possibilities based on innovation and competitiveness. Managers know that it can be disastrous to enter or compete in an industry without being aware of changing critical success factors that define their target markets, since they play a significant role in determining the likelihood of implementation success or failure. If a firm is entirely aware of the vital importance of these factors, management decisions have to consider a complex background where the knowledge of the clients’ needs and preferences and the competitors’ strategies is decisively important. Practically, this means that a market orientation includes the concept of competitive orientation (Slater and Narver, 1994; Day, 1994, 1990). In this context, a company can decide its competitive advantage as a function of the capability to generate radical change in its processes and technologies and of the flexibility to adapt its resources to the strategic formulation. For example, if an organization decides to become a fast innovator, managers should co-ordinate the ability to formulate a competitive strategy and to build advantages against competitors. This ability depends on the capacity of speeding up creative operations to generate innovations (Page, 1993). These considerations are already known and well accepted, but we need to extract from them the logical consequences. A competitive decision should be based on a wide and quite firm support, which shall integrate the different relationships among several types of knowledge. As a consequence, a comprehensive knowledge is the vital ground where competitiveness should be built. Increasing competitiveness using knowledge benefits According to modern approaches, KM is already considered as a key factor in the organization’s performance, because it deals with different resources that can aid decision makers in many ways (Keen, 1991). Managers require complete and updated information and, according to their level of activity, they hope to rely on their knowledge workers. Nevertheless, this hope is useless if these experts are not effectively motivated to deepen continuously their levels of knowledge. Some companies know that the innovation effort and the adoption of new procedures and new technologies may increase competitiveness (Goel and Rich, 1997). This relationship seems to have the following reasons: †¢the innovators can be inventors if they are able to manage research and development function (Gilbert, 1995); †¢knowledge workers can perceive and deal with what target market accepts or expects as value; †¢knowledge development is a fruitful background where incremental innovation may be attempted; †¢if a company can use a knowledge-based competitive edge, it is able to defend itself against the aggressive movements of its competitors. The need for scientific and technical information flow within the firm is well recognised. Knowledge and information derived from data are required for competitive initiatives such as improving customer satisfaction, developing new products and markets, and providing faster response. The link between knowledge and systemic databases should be understood within the context of information resource management (McFadden and Hoffer, 1994). This means that effective decision making requires a rational selection of inter-related data and the possibility of these data being integrated into KM. This orientation can be applied in the strategic planning area, and it presents flexible capabilities. In fact, managers have the possibility of asking for more updated information, using pre-programmed models based on the integrative knowledge of previous situations, considering alternative solutions, and stimulating the construction of innovative proposals. A KM can lead managers to anticipate problems better and to experiment and innovate. Based on a good KM, managers are more able to analyse and evaluate environmental scenarios, and adequate response alternatives in the light of the global objective previously determined (Dutta and King, 1980). At this point, managers can desire to come to the best solution by selecting the alternative that best satisfies the achievement of global objectives. This means that they are deeply concerned with increasing competitiveness. A primary objective of this orientation in modern business organizations is to contribute to greater efficiency in achieving organizational objectives. To assure this contribution, researchers should reinforce their efforts to explore the relationship between the competitiveness optimisation and the KM optimisation, and also the effectiveness of a KM, which has not been entirely clarified. Innovation and knowledge management Can knowledge management support innovation? The innovative efforts include the search for, and the discovery, experimentation, and development of new technologies, new products and/or services, new production processes, and new organizational structures. The consequences of these efforts are sometimes seen as a raw material of information industry. New management philosophies are aware that information is the result of knowledge evolution and that a solid network between intellectual effort and technological innovations is enlarging. The innovative efforts are also the right consequence of the investment in knowledge and knowledge workers. If KM is positively influenced by the search of innovations, the investments in the development of new knowledge may propel companies into new business in more rewarding markets. To achieve better results, innovative efforts have to be strategically combined with a competitive orientation and its consequent movements. This combination depends vitally on the highest level of individual knowledge and on its technological basis. Many companies are taking into account that new technologies and management approaches are changing the traditional perspective of managing intellectual resources. According to some works (Harari, 1994; Nonaka, 1994; West, 1992), the organizations that are able to stimulate and to improve the knowledge of their human capital are much more prepared to face today’s rapid changes and to innovate in the domain where they decide to invest and to compete. Managers should recognise that the skills of human resources and the motivation level make possible creative suggestions, different proposals, and research activities to build up innovations. Due to the new insights of KM, a creative knowledge worker can contribute to face the problems that need new kinds of resolution, the situations that demand innovative approaches, and the relationships that can be discovered in the more and more complex markets where companies are operating. In old times, capital was the company’s most critical and scarcest resource and human attributes were used to contribute decisively to obtain the return of the company’s investment in equipment and plants. Presently, companies are trying to understand and to use a new logic of value, which is founded on its competencies, customers’ evaluation criteria, and competition. It should be underlined that the knowledge development in the fields of technological innovations, specialisation on business processes, and innovative products is the strongest source of competencies. Moreover, all competitive efforts, which come from competitors’ knowledge and innovations, dramatically affect the success of strategies (Gatignon and Robertson, 1993). Innovation should be viewed as a complex process, which involves a set of investment possibilities. In this investment perspective, knowledge has to be considered as a sort of capital. Owing to this reason, its development process is a managerial concern, because it can lead to the launching of a new product. The success of an innovative product is notoriously connected to research activities and changing orientation. On the other hand, these two elements depend on the development of knowledge levels and the innovative efforts of knowledge workers. Knowledge development How to intensify learning involvement One of the most important objectives of a competitive KM should be to increase frequently the different levels of knowledge. Increasing them implies: †¢to straiten the links among the latest advances of IT and the processes of gathering and process information; †¢to motivate knowledge development by recognising its importance in companies’ evolution; †¢to promote the acquisition of scientific culture, specially in the fields directly connected with the company’s main activities; †¢to invest in theoretical courses and practical training; †¢to intensify an effort to get updating in industry. According to the usual characteristics of all learning and experience curves, the knowledge level may grow exponentially if management is able to stimulate the conditions to learn more and to increase experience. Considering the power of these stimuli, which should be integrated into a global human resources policy, management has to define the adequate procedures to enlarge and to deepen knowledge development. Within a scenario of competitive imperatives of speed and considering the need to innovate constantly, learning will be the essential hedge against the possibility of negative consequences. Organizational learning should be seen as one of the most important responsibilities of top management. In fact, organizations may use the individuals’ learning activities and learn through them to create an organizational learning system, which provides the possibility of enhancing the capacity to generate new offering proposals (Coopey, 1995; Sinkula, 1994; Senge, 1990). Some authors consider that an organizational learning includes the ability to increase the understanding level from experience through analysis of problems, experimentation of solutions, and evaluation of results (McGill and Slocum, 1994; McGill et al. 1992). Organizations’ development needs to have the support of the positive changes in the education and training of the work force. This means that management should stimulate and organize this changing process. In general, there are two main ways that managers have to consider: 1. (1) updating efforts: scientific and technological knowledge is almost constantly changing and everybody in the organization should be conscious of the state-of-art of their fields of work; 2. 2) knowledge progresses have to be transformed in a more effective effort in order to obtain better production processes and more competitive technological advances. Learning involvement could be defined as a state of energy that a knowledge worker experiences in regard to an effort to increase his/her knowledge level (McQuarrie and Munson, 1987). A knowledge worker who is highly involved in learning is likely to expect more abilities to create and to suggest new ideas. A set of adequate information technologies should be foreseen. In fact, at any time during the learning process, errors or imprecision can occur. To avoid their negative consequences, KM should take into account the reliability of the information sources and also the data accuracy. These factors will affect positively the objectives’ achievement. Knowledge development as a strategic management instrument If management has a true strategic orientation, the knowledge development is a systematic, integrated, and planned approach to improve the effectiveness of intellectual capital of an enterprise (Edvinsson and Malone, 1998). It is designed to solve problems that adversely affect operating efficiency at all levels. Knowledge is one of the branches where development movements can occur to help managers in their decision-making process, to create new responses, and to enable a set of competitive reactions and/or pro-active proposals. In the last two decades, we have seen a knowledge explosion and a change of the labour force. In fact, knowledge workers are not directly involved in manual activities, but make up a greater proportion of the labour force than ever before. Many companies try to provide an internal environment for experiential learning in which knowledge workers become more and more involved in solving job-related problems. In a quickly changing environment, the organization’s flexibility is one of its key success factors. This flexibility should be strategically combined with knowledge workers’ adaptability and high-quality standards to obtain two types of competition tools: 1. (1) sustainable advantages against competitors; 2. (2) capability to offer to the target market new alternatives. Knowledge development is a sort of response to changes in the external environment and nternal situations. It can be adapted to solve problems that negatively affect operating efficiency, including the need to replace obsolete products by new ones. In what concerns knowledge development, the improvement of products (incremental innovation) and process innovation (radical innovation) should be integrated. The aim is to improve the horizo ntal flow of information, because this flow is a very important tool to understand the relationship between the organization, its clients and its competitors. To make better decisions, managers have the option to search for more accurate information. One of the most important sources is the knowledge development of their collaborators, because they have been adequately trained to find out what are the new advances of science and technology. Training and motivational measures can be used to leverage professional intellect, but human intellectual capabilities can not be managed as if it was the only goal. In fact, top managers must consider the critical knowledge bases, the intellectual skills, and also the accumulated experience that can be used to increase the organization performance and to support their strategic decisions. Most developments at enterprise level are not possible without changes in education and training of the human resources, namely the intellectual capital. In fact, this capital is focused on innovative effort, on the information about competitors, and on proactive strategic decisions (Prescott and Gibbons, 1993). In many important complex problems there simply are not enough empirical data to provide a basis for complete analysis. Many aspects of a decision process require personal judgement, that is, the presence of updated knowledge workers. The problem-solving capabilities of knowledge workers lie in education background, professional training, creativity, and motivation. Non-routine processes demand for more skilled workers, because innovative solutions should be found and adapted to market needs. Sometimes, an organization needs to assimilate competitors’ technologies, to imitate them, and, in a benchmarking perspective, to adapt them in order to obtain specific benefits (reduction of costs, faster capacity to satisfy their market needs). This strategic effort demands a sufficiently motivated intellectual capital. In fact, even people with exceptional talent will not be able to develop potential without the adequate motivation (Twining, 1991). Moreover, knowledge development should include an effort to integrate the intellectual power of the organization’s human resources. Skills that are integrated according to a systemic perspective are more effective than a set of disconnected and/or uncoordinated talents. The co-ordination of the various abilities and aptitudes may lead to a learning process with a holistic approach. Being so, knowledge workers can learn more, recall information more accurately and use all their resources to build up innovative solutions. Influence of KM on competitiveness and innovation The influence of KM on management decisions effectiveness should be considered to support and also provide insight into how knowledge workers can contribute to obtain better results. However, management must consider that knowledge is not a simple and unique entity. The commitment to generate new discoveries and a more demanding understanding is not enough. The organizations need to look for the knowledge that is able to add value. Value adding knowledge is very different to an information-mix. This mix can be important, but first it is necessary to find out how the markets perceive the presence of value. These considerations can be taken as a guideline for KM. There are perhaps an unlimited number of factors that can define management attitudes regarding the role of intellectual capital into organizations’ life. Some managers evaluate significantly this capital as a very important resource that should be used to obtain adequate profits. Therefore this capital should be constantly improved. As can be seen in Figure 1, a conceptual model of KM is proposed. It emphasises that innovation and competitiveness can be a function of the KM. This model takes into account numerous determinants (determinant factors) of the relationships among various fields. The top portion of the model shows the most common factors that usually define management’s attitudes and deals with the following questions: †¢How important is intellectual capital? †¢How does management evaluate knowledge development? Is training one of the important aspects to be planned? †¢Is knowledge considered as a strategic tool? †¢Are managers prepared to motivate knowledge development? †¢Are managers able to stimulate the potential capacities of their knowledge workers? KM has to deal with two domains: 1. (1) personal characteristics of each knowledge worker; 2. (2) factors that affect personal development. The most common factors t hat affect initially the personal characteristics of a knowledge worker are education level, attitudes and values, innovativeness and creativity (Eagly and Chaiken, 1993; Allen et al. 1992; Mayo and Marks, 1990; Bearden et al. , 1986; Hirschman, 1980). Innovativeness is an important factor for supporting innovative efforts and it contributes also to define the personality. However, it is not enough to desire new products or new processes. In fact, an innovation that an enterprise presents into the market may be also due to the creativity of its knowledge workers. Personal development is directly related to professional experience. Any personal experience may be an information source and a learning situation. As a result from a personal or a managerial decision, training courses may contribute to reawaken previously acquired knowledge and to facilitate the access to a higher knowledge level. The development of each knowledge worker has its own dynamics, which is related with personal objectives. The more demanding the objectives are the more the learning efforts should be intensified. Nowadays, learning processes and knowledge updating procedures depend on information technology. Moreover, it has a decisive role on knowledge development because competitive advantage can only be maintained by the use of information for innovation (Huffman et al. 1990). Nowadays, managers have to decide whether they want to obtain better results from their knowledge workers or they prefer to lose the creative power that they possess in their minds and their professional experience. Managers’ attention must be focused on personal development. To obtain an effective knowledge level, investment in knowl edge development is needed. Managers should improve their ability to motivate knowledge workers to attain higher knowledge levels, because the arousal of this set of intellectual needs may be caused by external stimuli. Motivations should be intensified, because they should impel knowledge workers to increase their knowledge levels. This movement will be decisive in terms of innovation and can contribute to a stronger competitiveness. Even when no innovation is possible, an improved knowledge of the market and competitors can lead to more competitive movements. The technical capacities of a modern information technology will help this motivational scheme. Companies have to find ways to reach knowledge workers’ involvement. A person’s level of involvement plays a role in how much effort is used to learn new subjects or to deepen knowledge. Moreover, this involvement is an adequate condition for information sharing among knowledge workers. Adding IT, creativity and knowledge leads to a particularly potent combination. Managers can obtain impressive results in what concerns the companies’ abilities to innovate if they are able to develop the stimulation of innovative proposals through motivational methods and adequate rewards. The same can be said in what concerns key success factors: managers should practice frequently the stimulation of competitive efforts, provided through utilisation of both existing and new technologies. This conceptual model intends to interpret the relationship between KM, innovation, and competitiveness. It may contribute to an integrated understanding of the knowledge development process and its influences into the domains where management efforts should be focused. Conclusions This article intends to provide insights to a better understanding of KM in what concerns the possibility of influencing innovation and competitiveness. Its considerations provide considerable support for the importance of knowledge workers as a decisive contribution to the strategic enhancement. The implications for managers have been underlined. Regarding these implications, some concluding remarks can be made: †¢define methods for measuring the degree of KM effectiveness; †¢develop effective strategies for integrating innovative efforts, professional experience, skills, interactive capacities to create value for a company’s competitiveness; †¢determine the means to capture, transfer and leverage knowledge effectively; †¢let KM enter into strategic decisions concerning the profitability of intellectual assets. The suggested model also enables us to extend some of the frameworks for understanding managers’ evaluation criteria. This extension to traditional models of management strategic decisions is a direct result of the informational complexities in modern organizations. Consequently, these considerations intend to represent an important step forward in unravelling the KM as an efficient support for innovation and competitiveness relationships. Directions for further research Deepening the analysis of managers’ interest on knowledge is critical to understand how KM can contribute to improve strategies’ formulation. Future research should examine the differences among industries, and measure accurately the relative importance of the factors that affect personal characteristics and knowledge development. Because these relations are not fully investigated, we suggest additional studies concerning the industries where knowledge workers have a more defined and important role. Future research on managers’ attitudes facing the linkages between strategic management and human value may have to examine carefully the role of a KM orientation as an effort to support adequately successful strategies. This discussion contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of a management orientation, which is able to leverage knowledge advances. It is the task of management to improve the types of knowledge that best fit innovative efforts and competitive strategies. If this management orientation is well pursued, the organizations are likely to profit from knowledge development and from their human resources creativity. Figure 1Influence of KM on innovation and competitiveness References Allen, C. T, Machleit, K. A, Kleine, S. S (1992), â€Å"A comparison of attitudes and emotions as predictors of behavior at diverse levels of behavioral experience†, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 18 pp. 493-504. Bearden, W. O, Calcich, S. E, Netemeyer, R. G, Teel, J. E (1986), â€Å"An exploratory investigation of consumer innovativeness and interpersonal influences†, in Lutz, R. J (Eds),Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, Vol. 13. Brooking, A (1996), Intellectual Capital: Core Asset for the Third Millennium Enterprise, International Thomson Business Press, London, . Burke, S. 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